scholarly journals Knowledge-sociological and information-sociological aspects of knowledge organization

2013 ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
Hans-Peter Ohly
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Knowledge Organization ◽  
Scientific Concepts ◽  
Social Convention ◽  
Organically Grown ◽  
Sociological Studies

50 years ago knowledge organization, the development of scientific concepts and arrangements, has been seen as a logical and thus universal problem. Older approaches accordingly see areas of knowledge as naturally given and organically grown. At latest with the constructivism has entered a ‘turn’, which sees knowledge organization as a social convention and accordingly regards universal standards skeptical. Simultaneously in the sciences came up a stronger concern with historical and sociological studies of its foundations and in philosophy of science the return to different kinds of relativizations has gained more importance. In this paper, some single classical sociological positions are discussed, conclusions are drawn for knowledge and information as well as for science and knowledge organization and objections are designated.

Defining patterns in Translation Studies

Target ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gernot Hebenstreit
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
Research Translation ◽  
Scientific Concepts ◽  
Typical Symptom ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Conceptual Construction ◽  
History Of

A definition can be seen as a central working tool for researchers, since it leads to a new conceptual construction. At the same time a multitude of definitions, especially if competing with each other, is quite often perceived as a typical symptom of fields of research that have not yet developed their theories to the necessary level of sophistication. A relatively young field of research, Translation Studies and its proponents have repeatedly been the target of criticism in that respect, i.e. working with concepts whose definitions do not comply with commonly accepted standards of definition. That kind of critique serves as the starting point for this paper, which tries to analyze definitions in two seminal publications in the history of German Übersetzungswissenschaft, representing two opposing approaches to translation, namely Zufall und Gesetzmäßigkeit in der Übersetzung by Otto Kade (1968) and Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Translationstheorie by Hans J. Vermeer and Katharina Reiß (1984). The paper gives an account of standards of definition, commonly found in philosophy of science and terminology, addresses central aspects of scientific concepts (theoryboundness, types of concepts, determinacy, vagueness) and presents the findings of a study focusing on defining patterns.

scholarly journals The declining state: Aristotle teachings and post-Soviet reality

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-505
Author(s):  
Nikolay A. Vlasenko
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Planning ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Scientific Concepts ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Methodological Guideline ◽  
Expert Opinions ◽  
Municipal Employees ◽  
Sociological Studies ◽  
Official Sources

The substantive aspects of modern post-Soviet statehood are analyzed on the basis of the traditional methodological guideline, called the elemental approach (Aristotle, Jellinek), which presupposes the allocation of key state-forming features. The Aristotle concept of rejected state is actively applied. For the purpose of a deeper illustration of the so-called deviating moments in the post-Soviet states, metaphorical comparisons are used, such as imitation state, alienated state, selective state and others. Deviating patterns are described through weak systemic strategic planning and the lack of relevant scientific concepts, including in emergency situations, as well as insufficient supremacy of judiciary, plevalence of unitaty tendencies and others. The author's argumentation is supported by data published in various official sources (statistics, results of special sociological studies, current Russian legislation, reports, expert opinions, etc.). The article is intended for specialists in the field of the theory of state and law, political science, sociology, etc. It will be of interest to postgraduate students, state and municipal employees.

scholarly journals Information Retrieval and Knowledge Organization: A Perspective from the Philosophy of Science

Information ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
Birger Hjørland
Keyword(s):  
Information Retrieval ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Search Engines ◽  
Knowledge Organization ◽  
Subject Knowledge ◽  
Research Fields

Information retrieval (IR) is about making systems for finding documents or information. Knowledge organization (KO) is the field concerned with indexing, classification, and representing documents for IR, browsing, and related processes, whether performed by humans or computers. The field of IR is today dominated by search engines like Google. An important difference between KO and IR as research fields is that KO attempts to reflect knowledge as depicted by contemporary scholarship, in contrast to IR, which is based on, for example, “match” techniques, popularity measures or personalization principles. The classification of documents in KO mostly aims at reflecting the classification of knowledge in the sciences. Books about birds, for example, mostly reflect (or aim at reflecting) how birds are classified in ornithology. KO therefore requires access to the adequate subject knowledge; however, this is often characterized by disagreements. At the deepest layer, such disagreements are based on philosophical issues best characterized as “paradigms”. No IR technology and no system of knowledge organization can ever be neutral in relation to paradigmatic conflicts, and therefore such philosophical problems represent the basis for the study of IR and KO.

scholarly journals Canguilhem’s Concepts

2018 ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
David Marcelo Peña-Guzmán
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Scientific Concepts ◽  
Substantive Theory ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Scientific Truth ◽  
Human Rationality

In the 1950s, George Canguilhem became known in France as a vocal exponent of the philosophy of the concept, an approach to epistemology that treated science as the highest expression of human rationality and scientific concepts as the necessary preconditions for the manifestation of scientific truth. Philosophers of the concept, Canguilhem included, viewed concepts as the key to the study of science; and science, in turn, as the key to a substantive theory of reason. This article explains what concepts are for Canguilhem, how they are extracted from the history of the sciences, and why they continue to matter for contemporary debates in the History and Philosophy of Science (HPS).

scholarly journals Introduction

1994 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Robin Attfield ◽  
Andrew Belsey
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Social Philosophy ◽  
Scientific Theories ◽  
Scientific Concepts ◽  
Philosophy Of Nature ◽  
The Social ◽  
English Speaking

The philosophy of nature is at least as old as the presocratics, but has undergone comparative neglect in philosophical circles this century until recently, at least in English-speaking lands. The philosophy of science concentrates on scientific concepts and methods and the interpretation of scientific theories, rather than on the concept of nature itself, while, with significant exceptions (e.g., Hepburn, 1984), aesthetics focuses on the experience of art rather than on that of nature. Meanwhile moral, political and social philosophy has focused on the social environment, but the natural environment has often been lost to view. Indeed it has been argued, with some cogency, that mainstream Western metaphysics, epistemology and ethics have historically been inhospitable to conservation, to environmentalism and to their values (see Hargrove, 1989; Attfield, 1994a).

An AI-Based Philosophy of Science

1990 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-275
Author(s):  
William Bechtel
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science
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