Zinnia elegans L., known as common zinnia, is an annual flowering plant belonging to the Asteraceae family and native to North America. The plant has colorful flowers and is one of the popular ornamental bedding plants for gardening. In March 2020, powdery mildew symptoms were observed in a zinnia floral field with an incidence of >70% in Dacun Township, Changhua County, Taiwan. The symptoms were spotted on the stems, flower petals and leaves which appeared as irregular colonies and white patches on the surfaces. When disease progressed, most of the plant surfaces were covered by the white fungal colonies and became yellowish. Under microscopic examination, hyphal appressoria of the fungus were indistinct or slightly nipple-shaped. The conidiophores were unbranched, erect, straight, smooth to slightly rough, 75.0 to 200.0 × 10.0 to 15.0 µm (n=10), composed of a cylindrical, flexuous foot cell, 40.0 to 100.0 × 8.8 to 15.0 µm (n=10), and following 1 to 5 shorter cells. The conidia were ellipsoid to ovoid, 25.0 to 37.5 × 15.0 to 23.8 µm (n=60), with an average length-to-width ratio of 1.8 and contained fibrosin bodies. No chasmothecia were found. Three voucher specimens (TNM Nos. F0033680, F0033681, and F0033682) were deposited in the National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung City, Taiwan. To confirm the identification, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the three specimens were amplified using primer pairs ITS1/PM6 and PM5/ITS4 (Shen et al. 2015) and sequenced from both ends. The resulting sequences were deposited in GenBank under Accession Nos. MT568609, MT568610, and MT568611. The sequences were identical to each other and shared a 100% identity with that of Podosphaera xanthii MUMH 338 on Z. elegans from Japan (Accession No. AB040355) (Ito and Takamatsu 2010) over a 475 bp alignment. Accordingly, the fungus was identified as P. xanthii (Castagne) U. Braun & Shishkoff (Braun and Cook 2012) based on its morphological and molecular characters. Pathogenicity was demonstrated through inoculation by gently pressing naturally infected leaves onto leaves of three healthy potted common zinnia that had been sprayed with 0.02% Tween 20. Additional three non-inoculated plants treated in the same way without inoculating the powdery mildew served as the controls. Powdery mildew colonies were observed on inoculated leaves after 10 days at room temperature, later the diseased leaves became yellowish and deteriorated. The morphological traits of the fungus on the inoculated leaves were similar to those of the first observed. In addition, the ITS sequence from a colony on the inoculated leaves was 100% identical to MT568609-MT568611, fulfilling the Koch’s postulates. All the controls remained symptomless. Z. elegans is known to be a host for different species of powdery mildew in the genus Erysiphe, Golovinomyces, and Podosphaera (Farr and Rossman 2020). In Taiwan, powdery mildew has been briefly reported on zinnia without detailed descriptions (Hsieh 1983). This study confirmed P. xanthii as a causal agent of powdery mildew in Taiwan and the awareness of the disease may benefit the floral industry. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of P. xanthii on Z. elegans in Taiwan.
Biological Control of Powdery Mildew on Zinnia (Zinnia elegans, L) Using Some Biocontrol Agents and Plant Extracts
