Growth of Clumped vs. Equally Spaced Trees

1982 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Stiell
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Form Class ◽  
Significant Tendency ◽  
Made In ◽  
Crown Size

Fifteen-year results are presented for a thinning experiment made in 13-year-old red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.), designed to compare growth of trees in 4-tree clumps with that of uniformly spaced trees, in both cases growing at 890 stems/ha. By the end of the period, average crown size, form class and height were about the same for both stands, but growth by trees in clumps had been less for dbh and for basal area and total volume per hectare. Clumped trees had a significant tendency to lean away from each other. It was concluded that control of inter-tree spacing at planting or thinning is justified to the extent that clumps of more than three adjacent trees be avoided.

scholarly journals How Uniformity of Tree Distribution Affects Stand Growth

1978 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Stiell
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Wood Production ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Stand Growth ◽  
Form Class ◽  
Tree Distribution ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Number Of Stems

Part of a 13-year-old plantation of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) was thinned to leave stems uniformly distributed throughout the stand, and another part was thinned to leave the same number of stems but in equally spaced 4-tree clumps. After 10 years the clumped trees had smaller live crowns (owing to more intense shade on the inside of the clumps), reflected in lower growth in d.b.h. and basal area per hectare, and higher form class. No significant difference between treatments was found in volume per hectare, but it was concluded that 5-tree or larger clumps would result in reduced wood production.

Reproductive ecology and allometry of red pine (Pinus resinosa) at the northwestern limit of its distribution range in Manitoba, Canada

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 482-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alanna Sutton ◽  
Richard J Staniforth ◽  
Jacques Tardif
Keyword(s):  
Seed Mass ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Distribution Range ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Range Limit ◽  
North West ◽  
Poor Seed ◽  
Individual Trees

Red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) has been described as a poor seed producer at its distribution range limit; however, few studies have verified this claim or have examined the factors influencing the reproduction of the species. In 2000, data were collected from 60 trees growing in Manitoba at the extreme northwest limit of the natural distribution range for this species. Cones per tree were counted and samples weighed and measured. Likewise, seeds per cone were counted, measured, weighed, and tested for germination. Correlation and regression analyses compared measured characteristics among cones, among individual trees, and among portions of tree crowns (north, west, south, and east portions). Cone abundance among individual trees was significantly and positively correlated with stem diameter and with basal area increment from 1 to 4 years preceding cone maturation. Cone size and fresh mass and seed abundance, mass, and germination were not significantly correlated with individual trees or crown portions; however, seed number per cone and seed size were found to be significantly and positively correlated with cone size. Germination success in red pine increased with seed mass to a certain threshold value, beyond which more than 80% of the seeds germinated no matter what their mass. Our data for 2000 and field observations for 1999 and 2001 showed that red pine at its northwest limit of distribution range produced numerous cones and viable seeds.Key words: red pine, Pinus resinosa, distribution limit, seeds, germination, cones.

A new method for evaluating forest thinning: growth dominance in managed Pinus resinosa stands

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 843-849 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Bradford ◽  
Anthony W. D’Amato ◽  
Brian J. Palik ◽  
Shawn Fraver
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
New Method ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Individual Tree Growth

Growth dominance is a relatively new, simple, quantitative metric of within-stand individual tree growth patterns, and is defined as positive when larger trees in the stand display proportionally greater growth than smaller trees, and negative when smaller trees display proportionally greater growth than larger trees. We examined long-term silvicultural experiments in red pine ( Pinus resinosa Ait.) to characterize how stand age, thinning treatments (thinned from above, below, or both), and stocking levels (residual basal area) influence stand-level growth dominance through time. In stands thinned from below or from both above and below, growth dominance was not significantly different from zero at any age or stocking level. Growth dominance in stands thinned from above trended from negative at low stocking levels to positive at high stocking levels and was positive in young stands. Growth dominance in unthinned stands was positive and increased with age. These results suggest that growth dominance provides a useful tool for assessing the efficacy of thinning treatments designed to reduce competition between trees and promote high levels of productivity across a population, particularly among crop trees.

Pinus resinosa product potential following initial spacing and subsequent thinning

2001 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Penner ◽  
C. Robinson ◽  
D. Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Thinning Intensity ◽  
Utility Pole ◽  
Volume Production ◽  
Initial Spacing ◽  
High Utility ◽  
Time Required

A trial was initiated in 1953 to investigate the effect of initial tree spacing on red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) volume production. Approximately three decades later, in 1982, thinning treatments were added to compare the effects of thinning and initial spacing on volume production. After 45 growing seasons from planting, total volume production (cut + standing volume) mainly was independent of initial spacing and thinning intensity except at the widest (4.3 m +) spacing treatments. Both initial spacing and thinning affected quadratic mean diameter, standing volume and basal area. Knot size was affected by initial spacing with trees at an initial spacing of 3.0 m or wider having a significant number of stems failing to meet utility pole standards due to excessive, large knots. At the time of sampling, 1998, the higher initial densities (1.2 and 1.5 m-spacing) were undergoing significant mortality and falling behind the lower initial spacings in terms of total volume production. In addition, trees at the narrowest spacing were more prone to snow and ice damage. Thinning reduced the time required to meet sawlog and utility pole specifications. The initial spacings ranging from 1.8 to 2.4 m resulted in good growth with high utility pole potential and little mortality. Lower initial spacings required thinning to prevent mortality and maintain good diameter growth. Key words: red pine, density management, volume production, product mixtures

scholarly journals Consistency of Cone Production in Individual Red Pine

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 480-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Stiell
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Crop Size ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Production Area

A plantation of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) produced heavy cone crops in 1970 and 1984. Established at 6.5 × 6.5 m, the stand was 18-years old in 1970 and still open-grown; crowns were closed before 1984. Cone production at the two dates was compared for 28 trees. While total production was similar for 1970 and 1984, distribution within the sample differed. Although 18% of the trees maintained their rank in 1984, some large changes in production ranking took place from one crop to the next. Despite a tendency at both dates for crop size to increase with current dbh, exceptions were evident and the largest trees did not necessarily bear the most cones. Crop size in 1970 was the variable most closely associate with 1984 crop size and was significantly correlated with it independently 1984 dbh. High cone production did not seem to depress tree growth, based on a comparison of 1970-72 basal area increment of more versus less prolific cone bearers. Before a stand has borne its first good cone crop, expectations for highest yields would have to be based on tree size. For subsequent crops, previous production by individuals would be the best guide. The two top cone bearers far surpassed all others in both crop years and would be the first individuals selected for seed trees in a seed production area.

Bat activity is low in thinned and unthinned stands of red pine

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 2436-2442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie E Tibbels ◽  
Allen Kurta
Keyword(s):  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
National Forest ◽  
Insect Abundance ◽  
Bat Activity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Manistee National Forest ◽  
Mean Time

We investigated the use of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) plantations by bats in the Manistee National Forest of Michigan. Using ultrasonic detectors, we compared the activity of bats in the interior of stands of red pine and in openings within the stands, both before and after thinning (mean time after thinning = 7 years). Bat activity was more than 20 times greater in small openings within thinned and unthinned stands than within the stands themselves, and bat activity was associated with greater insect abundance in openings. Thinning lead to a significant change in structural complexity, as shown by a 39% decrease in basal area and a 45% decline in tree density, although these changes did not lead to an increase in use of red pine stands by bats. Red pine plantations, even after thinning, most likely are too structurally complex and have low insect abundance, making them a largely unsuitable habitat for bats.

scholarly journals La qualité des stations et la productivité des plantations de pin rouge (Pinus resinosa Ait.) au Québec.

1975 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-20
Author(s):  
S. Popovich
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Stand Volume ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Relationship

This paper presents an evaluation of site quality based on the relationship between volume per square foot of basal area and age of plantation, for planted red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) in Quebec.A graph for the three site index classes is included with indication for its use. There is a table showing the values of volume per square foot of basal area as a function of average height and average form quotient of a stand, permitting a rapid evaluation of stand volume of a plantation. Finally, several factors affecting growth and yield of red pine plantations for various sites in Quebec are discussed.

Handling and planting methods influence field performance of red pine ten years after planting

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 589-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. PaterSon
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Total Height ◽  
Planting Methods ◽  
Root Stock ◽  
Bare Root

In 1976 several plantings were established to compare the post-planting performance of 3 + 0 Red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) bare root stock planted by operational planting crews with those planted by research planting crews. Ten-year results show that field performance is directly influenced by the handling and planting methods employed by the two groups. Extra care in the handling and planting of bare root stock by research crews has led to improved survival, total height and diameter growth, resulting in a 27% overall increase in basal area. Key words: Red pine, handling and planting, plantation assessment, survival, total height, diameter and basal area

Growth, yield, and structure of extended rotation Pinus resinosa stands in Minnesota, USA

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1000-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony W. D’Amato ◽  
Brian J. Palik ◽  
Christel C. Kern
Keyword(s):  
Volume Growth ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Growing Stock ◽  
Ecological Objectives

Extended rotations are increasingly used to meet ecological objectives on forestland; however, information about long-term growth and yield of these systems is lacking for most forests in North America. Additionally, long-term growth responses to repeated thinnings in older stands have received little attention. We addressed these needs by examining the growth and yield of red pine ( Pinus resinosa Ait.) in a growing stock experiment in northern Minnesota. Stands were 85 years old at the onset of this experiment and were repeatedly thinned to five levels of basal area (13.8, 18.4, 23.0, 27.5, and 32.1 m2·ha–1) over 58 years. Cumulative volume production and volume growth were lowest within the lowest stocking treatment and similar across other stocking levels. Late-successional structural attributes, such as the density of trees with ≥40 cm diameter at breast height, was similar across stocking levels. The mean annual volume growth culminated between 130 and 140 years. Additionally, positive growth responses were observed within the highest stocking-level treatments after thinning at 138 years, demonstrating the ability of older red pine to respond to reductions in competition. These results illustrate that extended rotations with repeated thinnings in red pine help achieve ecological goals, including the restoration of old-forest structure, while also maintaining high levels of stand productivity.

scholarly journals A red pine provenance test in northwestern Ontario: 48-year results

2010 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali A Rahi ◽  
Colin Bowling ◽  
Dale Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Significant Variation ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Provenance Trial ◽  
Maritime Provinces ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Provenance Test

Survival, total height and diameter at breast height (DBH) were measured in the fall of 2005 in a 48-year-old red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) provenance trial growing in northwestern Ontario. There was significant variation in both height and diameter among the 23 provenances. Generally, westerly provenances performed well while those from the Maritime Provinces exhibited relatively poor growth. Considering that the plantation is at the northern biological range of red pine, survival was high, averaging 96% after 48 years. Provenances with the best growth rates exceeded a volume of 420 m3 ha-1. Some provenances from Minnesota and Wisconsin as well as Fort Frances, Ontario exhibited superior growth and should be considered as seed sources for future planting programs in northwestern Ontario. Key words: red pine, provenance test, survival, diameter, height, volume, Northwestern Ontario

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