Part V The Scope of Refugee Protection, Ch.40 Women in Refugee Jurisprudence

This chapter investigates the state of refugee law jurisprudence about women. It begins by surveying recent scholarship in this area, highlighting two points: first, that the production of scholarship about women as refugee claimants has slowed; and secondly, that the issues being researched and written about are generally the same as those on offer since the 1990s. Stagnated progress is not to say that decisions about women have not become central to refugee law jurisprudence. Women have indeed moved from the margins to the centre of refugee law. The chapter then analyses elements of the refugee definition in turn, considering how each applies to women. These elements include well-founded fear, being persecuted, reasons for being persecuted, nexus, and exclusion. This structure is a useful rubric for summarizing trends, and isideal for demonstrating that because every element of the refugee definition must be satisfied in order for a claim to be successful, there is a significant tendency for problems to slip from one definitional element to another as the jurisprudence advances. In other words, once it becomes settled law that women can fit in the category of membership in a particular social group, a series of contestations then emerge in another area such as nexus or State protection. This tendency for slippage has driven forward much jurisprudential growth.

Worldwide Implications of Multiple Acceptance and Rejection on the Psychological Adjustment and Maladjustment of Children and Adults: A Global Multi-Cultural Study

The objectives of this study were to explore the combine effects on children’s psychological adjustment and maladjustment of perceived acceptance or rejection by mothers, fathers, and teachers; and also to examine the combine effects on adults’ current psychological adjustment and maladjustment of perceived acceptance or rejection by mothers and fathers in childhood and by intimate partners in adulthood. The samples consisted of 586 children (47% boys and 53% girls) and 1,709 adults (35% males and 65% females). Among the children 573 were in the multiple acceptance group and 13 were in the multiple rejection group, and among the adults 1,645 were in the multiple acceptance group and 64 were in the multiple rejection group. The samples were selected from 11 countries in four continents. Results showed that significantly more girls than boys, and more women than men experienced multiple acceptance. Regardless of age, gender, and culture, the majority of sample in the multiple acceptance group reported healthy psychological adjustment, and the majority of respondents in the multiple rejection group reported moderate to severe psychological maladjustment. Results also showed a significant tendency for adults to experience more rejection by all attachment figures than did children regardless of culture and gender.

Threshold stability using active fixation LV lead

Introduction The proper functioning of the CRT devices depends on the correct positioning of the electrodes, sometimes being compromised by the absence of suitable epicardial veins, leads instability or unacceptable high thresholds, among other. In 2017, a novel quadripolar active fixation LV lead was released with an innovative helical mechanism that expands to attach the lead within the vessel. Objectives Study the impact of the active fixation LV lead on threshold stability and dislocations. Methods We included 127 consecutive patients undergoing CRT between September 2017 to December 2019 in one hospital. They were randomly assigned: 62p active fixation VI leads vs 65p standard VI leads. LV thresholds, capture losses and dislocations were collected at standard pacing checks (1 week, 2 months, 6 months). Results The mean age of the sample was 73,9±8,4 years. 75% patients were male and 48,4% suffered ischemic cardiomyopathy. The two groups were similar according to this variables. 5 (7.7%) dislocations were reported in the control group against 2 (3.2%) in the active fixation group (n.s). The mean threshold (V) at the moment of the implant was 1,4 in the active fixation vs 1,41 in the standard LV leads; at the first visit 1,55 vs 1,99; at two months 1,59 vs 2,13 and at six months 1,74 vs 2,48. The threshold stability is shown in Figure 1. Conclusions – The active fixation LV lead provides higher threshold stability than the conventional one. – There is a non-significant tendency to reduce dislocations. Figure 1 Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

Understanding the Consequences of Migration for Asset Accumulation: A Multi-Site and Intergenerational Perspective

This article is the first to explore the consequences of migration for asset accumulation from a multi-site and intergenerational perspective that moves beyond the prevailing migrant versus “native” comparisons performed within single destination-country contexts. It specifically investigates the non-financial investments (i.e., house, land, and business-related asset holdings) made in the country of residence by three family generations of migrants with origins in Turkey: those who resided in Europe (i.e., settlers), those who moved to Turkey (i.e., returnees), and those who remained in the origin country (i.e., stayers). The data are drawn from the 2000 Families Survey, which involved personal interviews with 5,980 individuals nested within 1,770 families. The analysis shows that migration’s greatest economic beneficiaries are returnees, who display a significant tendency to accumulate the most assets across all generations and asset types. Across all three groups, intergenerational family transfers are found to make a positive difference to younger generations’ non-financial investments. The chances of reaping the benefits of such transfers, however, is shown to be particularly limited for the descendants of settlers, given this group’s propensity to accumulate the fewest (especially house and land type) non-financial assets in European destinations where they reside. Through these unique multi-site and intergenerational comparisons between migrants and stayers, this article sheds new light upon the little-explored relationship between international migration and asset accumulation, and the economic dis/benefits of migration.

Cavity Tightness Preferences of Overwintering Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) (Stål) is a household nuisance pest that seeks shelter in buildings during the winter months. It has been found in a variety of cavities and spaces between building elements, as well as in the objects stored within buildings. This experiment examined the cavity tightness preferences for these insects as they settled in winter refugia. Adult overwintering H. halys were placed in two types of simulated refugia made from rigid material. Each type had a cavity of constant width, while one had a flat lid and constant tightness, and the other had a sloped lid that became tighter as insects moved inside. Adults were allowed to enter and settle, then their locations were recorded. In sloped lid cavities, H. halys tended to settle where the cavity tightness was between 4.5 and 5.5 mm. In the flat lid cavity boxes, H. halys tended to move all the way back. In both configurations, H. halys had a significant tendency to orient their heads towards the cavity entrance. A field comparison of cavity tightness in refugia with less rigid cardboard substrates was also performed, with spacers consisting of one or two layers of 3-mm cardboard. This comparison found differences in cavity selection by sex, with males more likely to pick single-spaced layers, and females more likely to select double-spaced layers. Understanding these preferences could be useful for collection, pest management, trap design, and study of impacts on structures.

Fundamental Characteristics of Microbubbles in Water and Diesel Fuel

Recently, the usage of oxygenated fuel has emerged as a reliable way to enhance engine performance. Due to this matter, the potential of microbubbles (MB) mixed fuel in improving engine performance is anticipated. Being small in size, MB are characterized by having unique characteristics such as low rising speed and self-pressurization which can contribute to fuel oxygenation. In this study, the fundamental characteristics of MB in diesel and water medium were investigated. The MB are produced by shearing air into the high pressurized fluid. Then the life span as well as the size distribution of the MB in both mediums were observed. MB in water shrink faster compared to MB in diesel despite the differences in size range. As for size distribution, no significant tendency can be seen between both mediums.

Common Strategies Among EFL Students Reading Literature

This study is to introduce the most common strategies that EFL students use while they read a piece of literature in English. To identify these strategies a questionnaire is employed as the instrument of data collection. The interesting result shows a significant tendency of EFL students to creativity and construction of new ideas in meaning making of the literary text just the same way as any other type of texts; however, the detected strategies help the readers to realize that strategies only help in the functionality of each text in a different way. This conclusion can assist the students to have a deeper understanding of literary texts and the teachers to facilitate the process of reading for the students.

The Behavior Associated to Death from External Causes in Elderly People in Brazil

METHODS: This is an ecological study that aimed to understand the behaviour of deaths from external causes in the population older than 60 years old in all Brazilian states. The data was collected using the Brazilian Mortality Information System and the population data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and from the SUS Informatics Department organized in historic series from 1995 to 2010. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: It is not possible to deny that deaths from external causes in elder citizens is not in an increasing and statistically significant tendency in most Brazilian states. This brings preoccupation about the issue, since discussions on the subjects are limited in the country, which makes this study good for future references in the field.

What Makes People Good or Bad? (Mis)Anthropological Essay on Searching for Social/ Cultural Reasons on Judging the Other People

The aim of this paper is to discuss thinking of people which is informed by culture, social institutions and personal experiences, and which shows significant tendency not to operate in simply binary mode when it is about people from somebody’s imminent social surrounding. Two examples are presented form the nowadays Belgrade. It is argued that at least people of this particular social context, who tend to deploy more nuances in the judging on and labelling their neighbours seen as bringing some kind of disruption of the social order then to those people they think as of generic categories only, are informed by such social/cultural perspectives on human being which paramount it, but also suggest its capacity for serious wrong doing.

Frost periods and frost-free periods in Poland and neighbouring countries

The main objective of this article is to analyse the multiannual variability of frost occurrence and the length of the frost-free period in Poland and neighbouring countries between 1971 and 2010. A frost day was de- fined as a day onwhich the minimum temperaturewas below 0°C and the maximum temperature was above 0°C. On average, between March and November, there were 30 frost days in Poland and neighbouring countries, and their number ranged between 12 and 61. In the analysed multiannual period, there was a statistically significant tendency for the last spring frost to be earlier. Conversely, the first autumn frost occurred increasingly late, although the changes were not statistically significant. All but three stations (Augsburg, Kaliningrad, Olsztyn) recorded an increase in the length of frost-free periods, which was statistically significant in 51% of stations. The pressure condition conducive to the occurrence of frosts was anticyclonic circulation, as confirmed by the SLP and z500 hPa maps which were drawn up, and the Grosswetterlagen (GWL) classification types which were distinguished.