Stem Incorporation of Systemic Insecticides to Protect White Spruce Seed Trees

1989 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 359-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Fogal ◽  
S. M. Lopushanski
Keyword(s):  
Single Injection ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Liquid Formulation ◽  
Seed Damage ◽  
Powder Formulation ◽  
Systemic Insecticides ◽  
Cone Axis ◽  
Cone Damage

White spruce trees were injected with a liquid formulation of dicrotophos (0.6 g Al/cm DBH) to evaluate the effect of injection times on cone and seed damage by insects. Injections of liquid formulations of dicrotophos (1.1 g Al/cm DBH) and oxydemetonmethyl (0.7 g Al/cm DBH) (approximately four days after the peak of flowering) were evaluated for control of defoliation and cone and seed damage by insects. Implants of a soluble powder formulation of acephate (0.5 and 1.0 g Al/cm DBH) (approximately two weeks after the peak of flowering) were evaluated for control of cone and seed damage. A single injection of dicrotophos reduced cone damage for up to four weeks after the peak of flowering by insects that oviposit and feed after pollination (seed moth, cone maggot, cone-axis midge, and seed inhabitants) whereas damage by insects that begin feeding before pollination was not reduced by single injections after pollination. Dicrotophos and oxydemetonmethyl reduced defoliation by spruce budworm at upper, middle, and lower crown levels for two seasons following injection. In the treatment year, these injections reduced the proportions of cones damaged by insects that feed after pollination whereas damage by insects that feed before pollination was not reduced; cone seed counts were increased 558% by dicrotophos and 267% by oxydemetonmethyl. In the season after injection the proportion of cones damaged by budworm was reduced by both insecticides while seed inhabitant damage was reduced by dicrotophos. Neither insecticide reduced damage by other insects; nonetheless, cone seed counts were increased 90% by dicrotophos and 115% by oxydemetonmethyl. In the year of treatment, implants of acephate reduced the proportions of cones damaged by seedmoth but not other insects whereas, in the season after implanting, they were effective against coneworm, seed moth, cone maggot, and seed inhabitants.

A Test of Foliar-applied Systemic Insecticides to Prevent Damage to White Spruce Cones by Insects

1985 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 499-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Fogal ◽  
S. M. Lopushanski
Keyword(s):  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Systemic Insecticides ◽  
Cone Axis ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Cone Damage

Cone-bearing portions of white spruce trees were sprayed by means of hydraulic sprayers with 1.0 and 1.5 per cent solutions of dimethoate, methomyl, and acephate in a 12-year-old and a 25-year-old plantation. Cone damage was reduced by insecticides but no differences between the two application rates were detected. In the younger plantation, each insecticide provided highly significant reductions in damage by spruce coneworm, spiral spruce cone maggot, and spruce cone-axis midge, but neither reduced spruce budworm damage; there were no differences among insecticides. In the older plantation, each insecticide provided significant and equal reductions in cone maggot damage; seedmoth and cone-axis midge damage was reduced by dimethoate and methomyl, but not acephate, and no insecticide reduced coneworm damage. Some factors to consider in further testing of these or other insecticides for use against cone-damaging insects on seed trees are discussed.

SPRUCE CONE INSECTS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA AND THEIR CONTROL

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Hedlin
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Systemic Insecticides ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Cone Axis ◽  
Considerable Loss

AbstractInsects cause considerable loss of seed in white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, and Engelmann spruce, P. engelmannii Parry, in British Columbia. The most important species are a maggot, Hylemya anthracina (Cz.), and a seed moth, Laspeyresia youngana (Kit.). Other insects are: a seed chalcid, Megastigmus piceae Roh., a cone axis midge, Dasineura rachiphaga Tripp, a gall midge, D. canadensis Felt, a seed midge, Mayetiola carpophaga Tripp, and a scale-feeding midge. These insects also occur in cones of Sitka spruce, P. sitchensis (Bong.) Carr., and black spruce, P. mariana (Mill.) BSP.The systemic insecticides dimethoate and formothion proved to be effective against these insects when applied as sprays following pollination in mid-June.

WHITE SPRUCE AND THE SPRUCE BUDWORM: DEFINING THE PHENOLOGICAL WINDOW OF SUSCEPTIBILITY

1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert K. Lawrence ◽  
William J. Mattson ◽  
Robert A. Haack
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Foliar Traits

AbstractSynchrony of insect and host tree phenologies has often been suggested as an important factor influencing the susceptibility of white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, and other hosts to the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). We evaluated this hypothesis by caging several cohorts of spruce budworm larvae on three white spruce populations at different phenological stages of the host trees, and then comparing budworm performance with host phenology and variation of 13 foliar traits. The beginning of the phenological window of susceptibility in white spruce occurs several weeks prior to budbreak, and the end of the window is sharply defined by the end of shoot growth. Performance was high for the earliest budworm cohorts that we tested. These larvae began feeding 3–4 weeks prior to budbreak and completed their larval development prior to the end of shoot elongation. Optimal synchrony occurred when emergence preceded budbreak by about 2 weeks. Larval survival was greater than 60% for individuals starting development 1–3 weeks prior to budbreak, but decreased to less than 10% for those starting development 2 or more weeks after budbreak and thus completing development after shoot elongation ceased. High performance by the budworm was most strongly correlated with high levels of foliar nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, copper, sugars, and water and low levels of foliar calcium, phenolics, and toughness. These results suggest that advancing the usual phenological window of white spruce (i.e. advancing budbreak prior to larval emergence) or retarding budworm phenology can have a large negative effect on the spruce budworm’s population dynamics.

LONG TERM STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AERIAL APPLICATION OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS – ACEPHATE COMBINATIONS AGAINST THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (9) ◽  
pp. 1239-1248 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. N. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Long Term Study

AbstractBacillus thuringiensis (Dipel® 36B) mixed with a sublethal concentration of acephate (Orthene®) (O, S-dimethyl acetylphosphoramidothioate), an organophosphorous insecticide, was applied at 2.35–14 l./ha to white spruce (Picea glauca) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea) trees infested with spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.). The treatment rate was 20 Billion International Units of B. thuringiensis (B.t.) activity with or without 42 g of active ingredient of acephate/ha.The ground deposit of the standard Dipel wettable powder formulation was 12% of emitted volume compared with 21–32% for the Dipel 36B flowable. The viability of B.t. spores was drastically reduced after 1 day of weathering but a high level of biological activity by the spore–crystal complex persisted for up to 20 days post-spray due probably to crystal activity.The addition of about 10% of the recommended operational rate of acephate to the B.t. suspension increased larval mortality by 34% when applied at 4.7 l./ha. Reductions in budworm populations were 97–99% in B.t. + acephate plots and 86–90% in B.t. alone plots.Plots with moderate budworm densities of up to 27 larvae/100 buds on white spruce and 36/100 on balsam fir were satisfactorily protected from excessive defoliation in the year of spray by B.t. with or without acephate. Plots with higher population densities were not satisfactorily protected based on the branch sample examination but aerial color photographs indicated good protection to the top third of the trees. Population declines were greater and defoliation and oviposition were lower in the treated plots than in the untreated checks 1 year later without further treatment. Two years later the larval population densities in all plots were low but the density was twice as high in the untreated check as in the treated plots, indicating long term suppression by the treatments. Defoliation was negligible in all plots.The treatments had no deleterious effect on spruce budworm parasitism. The data indicate that the integrated approach using Bacillus thuringiensis – chemical pesticide combinations is a viable alternative to the use of chemical pesticides alone in spruce budworm control. Large scale testing is now warranted.

scholarly journals Genetic control and evolutionary potential of a constitutive resistance mechanism against the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) in white spruce (Picea glauca)

Heredity ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Méndez-Espinoza ◽  
Geneviève J. Parent ◽  
Patrick Lenz ◽  
André Rainville ◽  
Laurence Tremblay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Control ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Evolutionary Potential ◽  
Constitutive Resistance

scholarly journals Genomic selection for resistance to spruce budworm in white spruce and relationships with growth and wood quality traits

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2704-2722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Beaulieu ◽  
Simon Nadeau ◽  
Chen Ding ◽  
Jose M. Celedon ◽  
Aïda Azaiez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Selection ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Selection For

The Sensitivity of Young White Spruce to Spruce Budworm Defoliation

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 168-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Piene
Keyword(s):  
Volume Growth ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
First Year ◽  
Average Volume ◽  
Shoot Production ◽  
Prolific Shoot

Abstract Relationships between defoliation and volume growth were determined for 68 young white spruce trees in a 20-year-old plantation defoliated over a 2-year period by the spruce budworm. In the first year of defoliation, intensities ranging from 7 to 89% of the current foliage did not influence volume growth significantly. Two consecutive years of defoliation, averaging over the 2-year period from 0-33, 34-66, and 67-100% of the current foliage, reduced average volume growth by about 6, 11, and 27%, respectively. White spruce is much less sensitive to defoliation than balsam fir. This is partly due to white spruce's ability to compensate for even moderate defoliation intensities by a prolific shoot production. North. J. Appl. For. 8(4):168-171.

OPTIMAL SAMPLE SIZE FOR THE ESTIMATION OF SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) POPULATIONS ON BALSAM FIR AND WHITE SPRUCE

1983 ◽  
Vol 115 (12) ◽  
pp. 1621-1626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Régnière ◽  
C. J. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Larval Population ◽  
Optimal Sample Size ◽  
Optimal Sample

AbstractAn equation is presented for the determination of sample sizes needed to estimate with a given precision the larval population density of spruce budworm on balsam fir and white spruce branch tips in Ontario. This equation is primarily applicable to low densities, but is valid to a density of 50 larvae/branch tip. The distribution of budworm larvae at densities below 0.1/branch tip is nearly random, and is aggregated at higher densities. Their distribution is the same on the two host species.

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