Potential of Wood Harvesting Residues and Residual Stand Damage due to Timber Harvesting: A Case Study at PT Austral Byna in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

The practice of timber harvesting in natural forests which has been conducted up to now still leaves wood harvesting residue and residual stand damage. Most condition of wood harvesting residue is still good and can be utilized. The objective of this research was to determine the potency of wood harvesting residue and residual stand damage on timber harvesting in natural forests. The data on wood utilization, wood harvesting residue, and residual damage were collected from three sample plots. The sample plots were arranged in a systematic and purposive manner, and the data were processed with tabulation and average analysis. Research results showed that the average volume of wood being utilized was 9.212 m3 tree−1. The average volume of wood harvesting residues was 2.310 m3 tree−1, and the total average volume of wood harvesting residues which were good, defected, and broken was 2.121 m3 (80.952%), with an average volume for good wood harvesting residue condition of 1.038 m3 (34.808%). Proportions of wood harvesting residues were 2.154 m3 (94.444%) consisting of buttress as large as 0.102 m3 (5.159%), stumps as large as 0.375 m3 tree−1 (23.597%), butt as large as 0.855 m3 (35.930%), and end part as large as 0.821 m3 (29.758%). The average number of trees with a diameter of 20 cm which were damaged due to felling and skidding was 5 trees ha−1 (5.40%) and 6 trees ha−1 (6.58%), respectively.

Lightweight concrete as covers on floating house platforms made from expanded polystyrene system (EPS) material

Floating houses can be utilized in coastal areas as they are equipped with platforms made from expanded polystyrene system (styrofoam) and lightweight concrete covers. A lightweight concrete cover on a floating house platform made from styrofoam can improve the feasibility of housing in terms of strength, comfort and cleanliness. This research aims to obtain mixture that meet the weight and compressive strength requirements of lightweight concrete and produce them as covers on floating houses platform. The compositions of lightweight concrete materials in this research use volume ratios of 1 Pc: 2 Sand: 3 Styrofoam, 1 Pc: 1.5 Sand: 2.5 Styrofoam and 1 Pc: 1.25 Sand: 2.75 Styrofoam. The research results show that the concrete made with styrofoam qualifies as lightweight concrete with average volume weight of concrete produced between 1000-1300 kg/m3. The lightest concrete weight (1097.88 kg/m3) could be obtained from variations of mixture of 1 Pc: 1.25 Sand: 2.75 Styrofoam, The highest concrete compressive strength results were obtained from the mixture of 1 Pc: 2 Sand: 3 Styrofoam (119.26 kg/cm2). The variations of concrete mixture of 1 Pc: 2 Sand: 3 Styrofoam can be considered as lightweight concrete (≤ 1900 kg/m3).

INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT LIGHTING REGIMEN ON THE MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF NEURONS IN THE PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEI OF THE RAT HYPOTHALAMUS

Paraventricular nuclei (PVN) of the hypothalamus are the autonomic center forcoordination of functions and consists of a number of neuronal populations - sub-nuclei,which differ in structural and functional features and the nature of nerve connectionswith various parts of the nervous and neuroendocrine systems. When studying stressreactions and actions of the stress-limiting factors, it is important to study subpopulationsof PVN neurons of the hypothalamus, synthesizing stress-releasing hormones, whichinitiate stress reactions of the body. One of the main factors that show a pronouncedeffect in the regulation of ACTH secretion is corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). TheCRF-immunoreactive tracer was found mainly in the medial small-cell subnucleus of theparaventricular nuclei of the rat hypothalamus. Despite deep and comprehensive studiesof the hypothalamus, until now there are no unifed ideas about its individual reactivityand the degree of involvement of these structures into the stress reaction caused by theprolonged change in the lighting regime.Purpose - to fnd out the effect of different illumination regimes on the morphometriccharacteristics of the medial small-cell subnuclei of the paraventricular nuclei of thehypothalamus of mature and old rats.Material and methods. The experiments were conducted on 72 nonlinear white malerats, divided into 6 series of studies, in each of which the biomaterial sampling wascarried out at 14.00 and 02.00 h using morphometric and statistical research methods.Results. Morphometric assessment of the medial small-cell sub-nuclei of theparaventricular nuclei (msPVN) of the hypothalamus of rats revealed the diurnaldynamics of indices. It has been established that in both old and mature rats, theiraverage volume (p <0.05) signifcantly decreases at 2.00 compared to 14.00 undernormal lighting. The nuclear-cytoplasmatic ratio at 02.00 increases in comparison with14.00 respectively.When the animals were kept under constant illumination, more pronounced changesin the structures under study were established. In particular, the volume of neurons inthe msPVN of the hypothalamus decreases both mature and old rats compared withrats under standard illumination and even more in comparison with rats under lightdeprivation. In accordance with this, the NCR also changes. The average number ofneurons on the standard plane of the histological section also decreases in comparisonwith other illumination regimes. It is also necessary to point out that under conditionsof light stimulation in mature rats in msPVN, the average volume of neurons (p <0.05)noticeably decreases at 02:00 in comparison with 14:00, when the volume of theirnuclei does not change on average during the indicated study periods. This is reflected,respectively, in the NCR change, which increases at 02.00 in comparison with 14.00.As to the old rats, the average neuron volume does not decrease at 2.00 in comparisonwith 14.00 in msPVN neurons at light stimulation, as well as the volume of their neucleichanges, on average, is barely noticeable ,and according to it, NCR at 02.00 remainsstable in comparison with 14.00, and the average quantity of neurocytes in msPVN doesnot change on a standard plane of the histological section during various periods ofthe twenty four hours. At the same time, with various modifcations of the light regime,cytometric parameters of neurons under study in old rats, on average, are signifcantlylower (p <0.001) than those in mature rats.Conclusions. 1. The duration of the photoperiod signifcantly affects the 24 hoursactivity of msPVN in the hypothalamus of mature and old rats. In particular, in bothinvestigated groups of rats, the average volume of neurons (p <0.05) reliably decreasesat 2.00 under normal illumination in comparison with 14.00, and, accordingly, the NCR at 02.00 increases compared to 14.00. All cytometric parameters of their neurons in oldrats are, on average, signifcantly lower (p <0.001) than in mature rats.2. Constant illumination causes more pronounced changes in the morphometricparameters of the msPVN of the hypothalamus than light deprivation. Thus, in maturerats in the msPVN, the average volume of neurons (p <0.05) decreases noticeably at02:00 in comparison with 14:00, which is reflected, respectively, in the change in NCR,which increases at 02:00 compared to 14:00. For old rats, under light stimulation, allthe studied cytometric parameters of their neurons, on average, are signifcantly lower(p <0.001) than those in mature rats.

JUSTIFICATION OF THE CHOICE OF THE PROCESSOR FOUR FUEL WOOD MODEL FOR DIFFERENT FOREST REGIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

В реалиях XXI века дрова являются конкурентоспособным топливом, не уступающим по теплоте сгорания торфу, сланцам, а по некоторым другим свойствам, таким как зольность, содержание серы и др., древесина является лучшим из всех видов твердого топлива. В последние годы наблюдается увеличение спроса на короткомерные колотые дрова на внутреннем рынке России. кроме того, данный вид лесной продукции становится экспортным товаром. В работе представлены результаты исследования распределения дров по ступеням толщины в зависимости от среднего объёма хлыста. В Российской Феде- рации это тонкомерные до 0,3 м3 древостои средней крупности 0,3–0,7 м3, толстомерные древостои свыше 0,7 м3. были рассчитаны проценты распределения дровяной древесины по толщинам в зависимости от среднего объёма хлыста. В древостоях различной крупномерности распределение дров по группам диаметров значительно отличается. Рассмотрена зависимость толщины древостоя от места его произрастания. На предприятиях Российской Федерации широко применяются финские процессоры марки PALAPOWER и словенские процессоры марки RCA, также используются отечественные процессоры марки ДРС. Результаты исследования имеют практическое значение и могут быть использованы для выбора моделей процессоров в различных лесозаготовительных регионах Российской Федерации. кроме того, эти данные можно применять в расчёте производительности работ по производству дров. Firewood is a competitive fuel in the realities of the XXI century, not inferior in terms of heat of combustion to peat, shale, and in some other properties, such as ash content, sulfur content, etc., wood is the best of all types of solid fuel. In recent years, there has been an increase in demand for short-sized chopped firewood in the domestic market of Russia. In addition, this type of forest products becomes an export commodity. The paper presents the results of a study of the distribution of firewood by thickness steps depending on the average volume of the whip. In the Russian Federation, these are thin-dimensional stands of up to 0,3 m3, medium – sized stands of 0,3–0,7 m3, thick-dimensional stands of over 0,7 m3. The percentages of the distribution of woodwood by thickness were calculated depending on the average volume of the whip. In stands of various sizes, the distribution of firewood by diameter groups differs significantly. The dependence of the thickness of the stand on the place of its growth is considered. Processors of various brands that differ in the parameter of processing raw materials are studied. Finnish processors of the PALAPOWER brand and Slovenian processors of the RCA brand are widely used at enterprises of the Russian Federation, domestic processors of the DRS brand are also used. The results of the study are of practical importance and can be used to select processor models in various logging regions of the Russian Federation. In addition, these data can be used to calculate the productivity of work on the production of firewood.

RADT-07. DETERMINATION OF THE OPTIMAL TIME INTERVAL BETWEEN POST-OPERATIVE MRI AND CT SIMULATION FOR STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY PLANNING

BACKGROUND The incidence of brain metastasis is approximately 200,000 worldwide annually. Stereotactic radiation therapy of post-operative cavity reduces local recurrence. Surgical cavity size changes significantly with 96.5% demonstrating volumetric change during post-operative period. We sought to define the optimal time interval that preserved the volumetric dimensions between the post-surgical MRI and the CT simulation used for stereotactic radiosurgery planning. METHODS Seven patients with brain metastasis that underwent surgical resection and stereotactic radiation treatment at Albany Medical Center from February 2019 to April 2020 were included in the study. A total of 8 target lesions were included. Brain lab planning system was used for contouring the target volume. A postoperative MRI within 24-48 hours after surgery was obtained. 3 patients required an additional interim MRI 16-50 days after surgery. The planning CT simulation was performed 2 days prior and up to 15 days after the post-operative/interim MRI and target volumes were compared. RESULTS The average volume of the post-surgical cavity contoured by the neurosurgeons on the post-operative/interim MRI was 15.96 cc (± 7.79 cc, range of 6.54 -24.9 cc). The average volume of the post-surgical cavity contoured by the radiation oncologists on the planning CT was 15.71 (± 7.49 cc, range of 6.53 -24.31 cc). There was no noticeable change in volume size between post-operative/interim MRI and planning CT up to the period of 15 days. LIMITATION This was a retrospective pilot study with a small sample size and patients recruited from a single center. CONCLUSION There is no change in size of the cavity volume for up to 15 days between post-operative/interim MRI and planning CT. This knowledge will help understand the optimal time interval between post-operative MRI and CT simulation for the stereotactic radiation therapy planning.

Utilization of community forest wood harvesting waste in Bone Pute Village, Burau District, East Luwu Regency

Timber in community forests can be utilized by the community by first removing it from the forest through the harvesting process. The harvesting process carried out has the potential for waste to be generated. This study aims to analyze the characteristics and potential of harvesting waste and develop alternative uses of waste into products that can be utilized by the community. Data were collected through field observations and making sample plots by purposive sampling on logging plots, skidding paths, plots on TPn, and plots on TPK. Analysis of the data used to determine the characteristics of the waste and its alternative uses, namely qualitative descriptive analysis and calculating the volume of waste using the Brereton empirical formula. The results showed that the characteristics of the wood waste found consisted of stump waste, branch-free stem waste with physical defects, twigs, short pieces, broken wood, and rotten wood. The potential logging waste that can be utilized is in the good category with an average volume of 1.56 m3 in the form of the stump, 2.85 m3 per log in the form of branch-free stems, and 2.45 m3 per log in the form of shortcuts. Alternative utilization of harvesting waste is based on the calculated characteristics and potential, waste can be used as firewood, waste with a diameter of 10 cm and above can be used as raw material for chips, boxes, and poles. Wood waste can also be utilized by the particleboard, fiberboard, finger-joint board, laminated board, pulp, and wood charcoal and charcoal briquette industries if the availability of raw waste materials is sustainable and in sufficient quantities.

Zone III REBOA and the COBRA-OS™: Safety of Inadvertent Iliac Artery Device Deployment

Background: REBOA is an emerging technique in trauma. However, inadvertent iliac artery balloon inflation can lead to complications. This study aims to investigate the safety characteristics of the COBRA-OS™ compared to a 7 Fr commercially available device during purposeful iliac artery balloon overinflation. Methods: In vitro: the COBRA-OS™ was inflated in explanted porcine iliac arteries and intentionally overinflated until balloon or vessel rupture occurred. In vivo: the COBRA-OS™ and 7 Fr device were deployed in the iliac arteries and intentionally overinflated until rupture of the balloon or blood vessel. Results: In vitro: an average volume of 1mL was required for occlusion using the COBRA-OS™ and the mean balloon rupture volume was 32.5mL. The COBRA-OS™ partially migrated into the aorta in all cases. In vivo: the COBRA-OS™ and 7 Fr device occluded the iliac arteries with a mean volume of 3.5 mL. Overinflation resulted in no iliac ruptures with the COBRA-OS™ (mean balloon rupture volume = 10mL). Overinflation with the 7 Fr device resulted in 1 iliac rupture at 5mL. The other two 7 Fr devices had a mean balloon rupture volume of 5 mL. All COBRA-OS™ devices moved partially up into the aorta during inflation while all 7 Fr devices remained in the iliac artery. Conclusions: The COBRA-OS™ allows for significant overinflation when deployed in the common iliac artery of a porcine model due to its unique design. This ultimately may help to prevent balloon and blood vessel rupture during clinical use, however further studies are required.

Analisis Daya Saing Ekspor Minyak Atsiri Nilam (Patchouli Essential Oil) Indonesia di Pasar Internasional dengan Negara Brazil, Amerika Serikat, Meksiko, dan Perancis Periode 2001-2018

Until now, the domestic patchouli essential oil industry in Indonesia is still limited to exporting unprocessed products as finished products. In addition, farmers and cooperatives understanding is still low in implementing a good plantation manufacturing process. One indicator that can be seen is the number of imports of patchouli essential oil derivative products such as semi-finished ingredients from perfume and food flavors by Indonesia in the period of October-December 2008 amounting to US$ 401 million while exports were only US$ 103 million or a deficit of three to four times of exports. The purpose of this research is to analyze the comparative competitiveness, competitive competitiveness, and specialization of Indonesian patchouli essential oil trade in the international market. Countries that are used as comparison for Indonesia (rank 7) based on the average volume of exports are Brazil (rank 1), the United States (rank 2), Mexico (rank 8) and France (rank 9). This study uses the Revealed Comparative Trade Advantage (RCTA) analysis tool to analyze comparative competitiveness, the Export Competitiveness Index (XCI) to analyze competitive competitiveness, and the Trade Specialization Index (ISP) to analyze its trade specialties. The factors that significantly influence the competitiveness and trade specialization are the export and import value of patchouli essential oil and other goods from Indonesia and competing countries, the total export and import value of patchouli essential oil. Based on the results of the RCTA, XCI, and ISP analysis, the values obtained by Indonesia were 2.013, 1.012, and 0.412, respectively. Keywords: patchouli, essential oil, competitiveness, trade specialties

Resources of wild edible berry plants of Magadan region and Chukotka autonomous district

The author gives the list of 33 species of wild edible berry plants of Magadan region and Chukotkaautonomous district with short information about edibility and life form. The annual biological stock of berries is definedfor the whole territory and utilization area along with possible average volume of collecting. The yearly volumes of stockingof wild berry in 1966–1995 are presented.