volume increment
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Nanomaterials ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 178
Author(s):  
Dominik Sziklai ◽  
Judit Sallai ◽  
Zsombor Papp ◽  
Dalma Kellermayer ◽  
Zsolt Mártonfalvi ◽  
...  

Titin is a multifunctional filamentous protein anchored in the M-band, a hexagonally organized supramolecular lattice in the middle of the muscle sarcomere. Functionally, the M-band is a framework that cross-links myosin thick filaments, organizes associated proteins, and maintains sarcomeric symmetry via its structural and putative mechanical properties. Part of the M-band appears at the C-terminal end of isolated titin molecules in the form of a globular head, named here the “M-complex”, which also serves as the point of head-to-head attachment of titin. We used high-resolution atomic force microscopy and nanosurgical manipulation to investigate the topographical and internal structure and local mechanical properties of the M-complex and its associated titin molecules. We find that the M-complex is a stable structure that corresponds to the transverse unit of the M-band organized around the myosin thick filament. M-complexes may be interlinked into an M-complex array that reflects the local structural and mechanical status of the transversal M-band lattice. Local segments of titin and the M-complex could be nanosurgically manipulated to achieve extension and domain unfolding. Long threads could be pulled out of the M-complex, suggesting that it is a compact supramolecular reservoir of extensible filaments. Nanosurgery evoked an unexpected volume increment in the M-complex, which may be related to its function as a mechanical spacer. The M-complex thus displays both elastic and plastic properties which support the idea that the M-band may be involved in mechanical functions within the muscle sarcomere.


2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-103
Author(s):  
Ahmet Lojo ◽  
Jusuf Musić

UDK: 630*232:582.475(497.6) It is well known that mechanical damage to trees, caused by felling and removal of timber from the forest, has multiple negative effects on the quality of the stock and the health of the forests as well as the volume increment. In Bosnia and Herzegovina there were no significant analises of volume increment loss due to bark damage of the trees. In this paper, a direct relationship between the significant damage to the bark of the stem and the size of the volume increment of individual trees was determined. Original data recorded during the Second National Forest Inventory in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2006-2009), within the accesible high economical forests was used. These forests cover a total area of 1.329.500 ha. Data on measured trees was taken from every fourth sample plot (one from cluster). 18.546 trees were selected, on which the 10-year increment of brest diameter (DBH) was measured and significant mechanical damage was recorded (LOJO et al., 2008). Of the total number of selected trees, 2.635 or 14.21% were mechanically damaged. The results of the study showed that the volume increment of trees, with significant bark damage of all tree species and thickness, was lower from 4,9% to 19,4% in average, compared to undamaged trees. Based on registered damage the bark of the stem, during second NFI BiH and determined the average losses increment on individual trees, it was estimated how much these losses are on an annual basis in, productive high forests in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The volume increment of mechanically damaged trees is statistically significantly lower compare to the increment of undamaged trees, resulting in a total loss of about 200.000 m3 / year / 1.329.500 ha.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 3700-3713

The present study was carried out in the Oued Laou watershed belonging to the Moroccan Rif. It aims at the elaboration of mathematical tariffs for cubing Aleppo pine, the morphometric and increments study. The data analyzed for this purpose were collected after a preliminary stratification of the forest based on the plantation age. The study of the region’s climate shows that the western sector of the watershed is part of the temperate humid bioclimate, and the eastern sector belongs to the warm variant subhumid. The analysis of the stand-study structure shows that the distribution of the number of stems as a function of the circumference is a distribution close to normal. Cubic rates have been constructed to estimate the volume of trees. The mean annual volume increment of Aleppo pine varies between 3.10 and 4.83 m3/ha/year from one plot to another; this small fluctuation largely reflects the homogeneity of the study area. Aleppo pine has a wide ecological and spatial plasticity: colonization of all substrates, bioclimates ranging from semi-arid to temperate humid. It’s a species that exhibits uniform behavior despite topographic and edaphic variations.


2021 ◽  
Vol 494 ◽  
pp. 119337
Author(s):  
Marina Caselli ◽  
Gabriel Ángel Loguercio ◽  
María Florencia Urretavizcaya ◽  
Guillermo Emilio Defossé

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 026-034
Author(s):  
Nisha Poudel ◽  
Ram Asheshwar Mandal ◽  
Ajay B. Mathema ◽  
Kailash Timilsina

The Santalum album is becoming a popular income generating tree species in Nepal but its growth performance has not been assessed so far yet. Thus, this study was objectively conducted to assess mean annual increment, income from Santalum album and value chain analysis. The Private plantation of Pyuthan district was selected for the study site. The diameter and height of 450 plants were measured and their age was recorded. Total fifteen key informant interviews, forty five farmers’ interviews and one focused group discussion were conducted to collect primary data. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics .Mean annual increment, price of Santalum album and contribution of Santalum album in total income were analyzed. The result showed that the highest mean annual diameter increment was 51.94 cm and lowest mean annual increment was 28.25cm, the highest mean height increment was 6.39 m and the lowest mean annual height increment was4.47m and the highest mean volume increment was 0.678 m3but the lowest mean annual volume increment was 0.134 m3. The estimated maximum range of annual income from Santalum album was US$ 221-530 which was 10-15% contribution in farmers annual income while minimum range of this was US$ 194-265 and it contributes<10%.The difference of the price of Santalum album between the farmers and users in Kathmandu was2200 times more.


2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-208
Author(s):  
Sajad Sajad ◽  
Jawad Jawad ◽  
Ikram Ul Haq

The present research was conducted for tree-rings study in a mixed stand of Himalayan Species Credur deodar in Kumrat valley Dir Upper KPK, Pakistan. Tree-rings analysis was related to the counting of tree ring. Random sampling method was used, and 70 sample trees were selected, tree heights and diameters were measured, and increment cores were collected from each sample-tree diameter at the height at breast point to be analyzed and studied in the laboratory. The objectives of the study were to determine the exact age of tree and to evaluate total and mean annual increment in the basal area and tree volume based on the increment cores. Regression models revealed the impacts of tree age on the basal area and tree-volume increment. Results showed the minimum basal-area increment was 0.0028 m2 at the age of 10 years, the maximum basal-area increment was 2.658 m2 at the age of 60 years, with mean was 0.95±0.677 m2 at the age of 36 years and R2 was 0.9593. The maximum tree-volume increment was 1.42 m3 at the age of 60 years, the minimum tree-volume increment was 0.010 m3 at the age of 10 years, with mean was 1.35±0.96 m3 at the age of 36 years and R2 was 0.9167. The minimum mean annual-basal area increment was 0.0027 m2, the maximum mean annual-basal area increment was 0.048 m2, and the average increment was 0.022±0.010 m2. The maximum mean-annual increment in tree volume was 0.068 m3 at the age of 60 years, the minimum mean-annual increment was 0.0039 m3 at the age of 10 years, with mean was 0.032±0.014 m3 at the age of 36 years and R2 was 0.8903. Results showed a strong positive relationship of tree age with area and volume increment. Keywords: Basal area, increment, tree age, volume


Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 439
Author(s):  
Gheorghe-Marian Tudoran ◽  
Avram Cicșa ◽  
Albert Ciceu ◽  
Alexandru-Claudiu Dobre

This study presents the biometric relationships among various increments that is useful in both scientific and practical terms for the silvicultural of silver fir. The increments recorded in the biometric characteristics of trees are a faithful indicator of the effect of silvicultural work measures and of environmental conditions. Knowing these increments, and the relationships among them, can contribute to adaptations in silvicultural work on these stands with the purpose of reducing risks generated by environmental factors. We carried an inventory based on tree increment cores. The sample size was determined based on both radial increment and height increment variability of the trees. The sample trees were selected in proportion to their basal area on diameter categories. Current annual height increment (CAIh) was measured on felled trees from mean tree category. For CAIh we generated models based on the mean tree height. Percentages of the basal area increment and of form-height increment were used to compute the current annual volume increment percentage (PCAIv). For the mean tree, the CAIh estimated through the used models had a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.8749 and for the current annual volume increment (CAIv) the RMSE value was 0.1295. In even-aged stands, the mean current volume increment tree is a hypothetical tree that may have the mean basal area of all the trees and the form-height of the stand. Conclusions: The diameter, height, and volume increments of trees are influenced by structural conditions and natural factors. The structures comprising several generations of fir mixed with beech and other deciduous trees, which have been obtained by the natural regeneration of local provenances, are stable and must become management targets. Stable structures are a condition for the sustainable management of stands.


Author(s):  
Mahmoud Bayat ◽  
Pete Bettinger ◽  
Majid Hassani ◽  
Sahar Heidari

Abstract Determining forest volume increment, the potential of wood production in natural forests, is a complex issue but is of fundamental importance to sustainable forest management. Determining potential volume increment through growth and yield models is necessary for proper management and future prediction of forest characteristics (diameter, height, volume, etc.). Various methods have been used to determine the productive capacity and amount of acceptable harvest in a forest, and each has advantages and disadvantages. One of these methods involves the artificial neural network techniques, which can be effective in natural resource management due to its flexibility and potentially high accuracy in prediction. This research was conducted in the Ramsar forests of the Mazandaran Province of Iran. Volume increment was estimated using both an artificial neural network and regression methods, and these were directly compared with the actual increment of 20 one-hectare permanent sample plots. A sensitivity analysis for inputs was employed to determine which had the most effect in predicting increment. The actual average annual volume increment of beech was 4.52 m3ha−1 yr−1, the increment was predicted to be 4.35 and 4.02 m3ha−1 yr−1 through the best models developed using an artificial neural network and using regression, respectively. The results showed that an estimate of increment can be predicted relatively well using the artificial neural network method, and that the artificial neural network method is able to estimate the increment with higher accuracy than traditional regression models. The sensitivity analysis showed that the standing volume at the beginning of the measurement period and the diameter of trees had the greatest impact on the variation of volume increment.


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