scholarly journals Plant–insect interactions: the role of ecological stoichiometry

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Filipiak ◽  
January Weiner
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Ecological Stoichiometry ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Plant Insect Interactions ◽  
Herbivore Interactions ◽  
Insect Interactions ◽  
Plant Herbivore

The energy budget of organisms is a primary factor used to generate hypotheses in ecosystem ecology and evolutionary theory. Therefore, previous studies have focused on the energy costs and benefits of adaptations, the efficiency of energy acquisition and investment, and energy budget limitations. The maintenance of stoichiometric balance is equally important because inconsistency between the chemical composition of the consumer’s tissues and that of its food sources strongly affects the major life-history traits of the consumer and may influence the consumer’s fitness and shape plant–herbivore interactions. In this short review, the framework of ecological stoichiometry is introduced, focusing on plant–insect interactions in terrestrial ecosystems. The use of the trophic stoichiometric ratio (TSR) index is presented as a useful tool for indicating the chemical elements that are scarce in food and have the potential to limit the growth and development of herbivores, thereby influencing plant – herbivorous insect interactions. As an example, the elemental composition and stoichiometry of a pollen consumer (mason bee <em>Osmia bicornis</em>) and its preferred pollen are compared. The growth and development of <em>O. bicornis</em> may be colimited by the scarcity of K, Na, and N in pollen, whereas the development of the cocoon might be colimited by the scarcity of P, Mg, K, Na, Zn, Ca, and N. A literature review of the elemental composition of pollen shows high taxonomical variability in the concentrations of bee-limiting elements. The optimized collection of pollen species based on the elemental composition may represent a strategy used by bees to overcome stoichiometric mismatches, influencing their interactions with plants. It is concluded that the dependence of life-history traits on food stoichiometry should be considered when discussing life history evolution and plant–herbivore interactions. The TSR index may serve as a convenient and powerful tool in studies investigating plant-insect interactions.

scholarly journals The Multifunctional Roles of Polyphenols in Plant-Herbivore Interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1442
Author(s):  
Sukhman Singh ◽  
Ishveen Kaur ◽  
Rupesh Kariyat
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Plant Insect Interactions ◽  
Physical Defenses ◽  
Herbivore Interactions ◽  
Insect Interactions ◽  
Plant Herbivore

There is no argument to the fact that insect herbivores cause significant losses to plant productivity in both natural and agricultural ecosystems. To counter this continuous onslaught, plants have evolved a suite of direct and indirect, constitutive and induced, chemical and physical defenses, and secondary metabolites are a key group that facilitates these defenses. Polyphenols—widely distributed in flowering plants—are the major group of such biologically active secondary metabolites. Recent advances in analytical chemistry and metabolomics have provided an opportunity to dig deep into extraction and quantification of plant-based natural products with insecticidal/insect deterrent activity, a potential sustainable pest management strategy. However, we currently lack an updated review of their multifunctional roles in insect-plant interactions, especially focusing on their insect deterrent or antifeedant properties. This review focuses on the role of polyphenols in plant-insect interactions and plant defenses including their structure, induction, regulation, and their anti-feeding and toxicity effects. Details on mechanisms underlying these interactions and localization of these compounds are discussed in the context of insect-plant interactions, current findings, and potential avenues for future research in this area.

Analyzing variations in life-history traits of Pacific salmon in the context of Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory

2011 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 424-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laure Pecquerie ◽  
Leah R. Johnson ◽  
Sebastiaan A.L.M. Kooijman ◽  
Roger M. Nisbet
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Dynamic Energy Budget

scholarly journals Effect of anthropogenic vibratory noise on plant development and herbivory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estefania Velilla ◽  
Laura Bellato ◽  
Eleanor Collinson ◽  
Wouter Halfwerk
Keyword(s):  
Plant Development ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
Plant Insect Interactions ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Seismic Vibrations ◽  
Insect Interactions ◽  
Plant Herbivore ◽  
Vibrational Noise

AbstractA growth in anthropogenic activities and infrastructure has led to increasing subterranean vibratory noise levels. Inland wind energy turbines, which are mostly located in agricultural fields, are a fast growing source of vibrational noise. Plants, which are rooted in the soil are constantly exposed to windmill-induced vibrations propagating through the ground. We have little understanding on how anthropogenic seismic vibrations affect plant development and how that in turn can affect plant-insect interactions. In this study we investigated the effect of windmill-like underground vibrational noise on plant development and on a plant-herbivore interaction. We experimentally exposed Pisum sativum plants from seed stage to seed production stage to high and low vibrational noise levels and monitored them daily. We recorded germination, flowering and fruiting time, as well as daily shoot-length growth. Moreover, we tested the direct and indirect effects of vibrational noise on herbivory intensity by the generalist caterpillar Spodoptera exigua. We found that plants exposed to high vibrational noise grew significantly faster and taller than plants exposed to low vibrational noise. Additionally, plants treated with high noise germinated, flowered and produced fruits quicker than those treated with low noise. However, the differences in germination time, flowering time and fruiting time between the treatments were not statistically significant. Furthermore, we did not find an effect of vibrational noise on herbivory intensity. Vibrational noise could have consequences for both natural plant communities and agricultural crops by altering interspecific competition and by shifting growth-defence activation trade-offs.

scholarly journals Evolution of Nutrient Uptake Reveals a Trade‐Off in the Ecological Stoichiometry of Plant‐Herbivore Interactions

2010 ◽  
Vol 176 (6) ◽  
pp. E162-E176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Branco ◽  
Maayke Stomp ◽  
Martijn Egas ◽  
Jef Huisman
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Ecological Stoichiometry ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Herbivore Interactions ◽  
Plant Herbivore

scholarly journals Molecular Interactions Between Plants and Insect Herbivores

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 527-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Erb ◽  
Philippe Reymond
Keyword(s):  
Map Kinases ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Insect Herbivores ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
Defense Proteins ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Herbivore Interactions ◽  
Physical Barriers ◽  
Insect Interactions ◽  
Plant Herbivore

Diverse molecular processes regulate the interactions between plants and insect herbivores. Here, we review genes and proteins that are involved in plant–herbivore interactions and discuss how their discovery has structured the current standard model of plant–herbivore interactions. Plants perceive damage-associated and, possibly, herbivore-associated molecular patterns via receptors that activate early signaling components such as Ca2+, reactive oxygen species, and MAP kinases. Specific defense reprogramming proceeds via signaling networks that include phytohormones, secondary metabolites, and transcription factors. Local and systemic regulation of toxins, defense proteins, physical barriers, and tolerance traits protect plants against herbivores. Herbivores counteract plant defenses through biochemical defense deactivation, effector-mediated suppression of defense signaling, and chemically controlled behavioral changes. The molecular basis of plant–herbivore interactions is now well established for model systems. Expanding molecular approaches to unexplored dimensions of plant–insect interactions should be a future priority.

scholarly journals The effects of cadmium on the life history traits of Lymantria dispar L.

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 1013-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Mircic ◽  
Milena Jankovic-Tomanic ◽  
Vera Nenadovic ◽  
F. Franeta ◽  
Jelica Lazarevic
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Lymantria Dispar ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Cadmium Concentration ◽  
Adverse Impact ◽  
Larval Duration ◽  
Gypsy Moths ◽  
Dry Food ◽  
Pupal Mass

Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) females and males were chronically exposed to three sublethal cadmium concentrations (10, 30 and 50 mg/g dry food mass) in order to assess the effects of cadmium on larval and pupal duration, pupal mass and longevity. On average, the presence of cadmium in food did not affect larval duration while shortened pupal duration and reduced pupal mass and longevity were recorded. The most significant effects were obtained at the highest cadmium concentration. Females and males did not differ in sensitivity of life history traits to cadmium exposure. It is concluded that (1) cadmium exerts a strong adverse impact on the growth and development of gypsy moths, and (2) the significance of the cadmium effects depends on the dose.

scholarly journals Ontogenetic Patterns of Elemental Tracers in the Vertebrae Cartilage of Coastal and Oceanic Sharks

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariah C. Livernois ◽  
John A. Mohan ◽  
Thomas C. TinHan ◽  
Travis M. Richards ◽  
Brett J. Falterman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Habitat Use ◽  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Shark Species ◽  
Ecosystem Structure ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Over Time

As predators, coastal and oceanic sharks play critical roles in shaping ecosystem structure and function, but most shark species are highly susceptible to population declines. Effective management of vulnerable shark populations requires knowledge of species-specific movement and habitat use patterns. Since sharks are often highly mobile and long-lived, tracking their habitat use patterns over large spatiotemporal scales is challenging. However, the analysis of elemental tracers in vertebral cartilage can describe a continuous record of the life history of an individual from birth to death. This study examined trace elements (Li, Mg, Mn, Zn, Sr, and Ba) along vertebral transects of five shark species with unique life histories. From most freshwater-associated to most oceanic, these species include Bull Sharks (Carcharhinus leucas), Bonnethead Sharks (Sphyrna tiburo), Blacktip Sharks (Carcharhinus limbatus), Spinner Sharks (Carcharhinus brevipinna), and Shortfin Mako Sharks (Isurus oxyrinchus). Element concentrations were compared across life stages (young-of-the-year, early juvenile, late juvenile, and adult) to infer species-specific ontogenetic patterns of habitat use and movement. Many of the observed elemental patterns could be explained by known life history traits: C. leucas exhibited clear ontogenetic changes in elemental composition matching expected changes in their use of freshwater habitats over time. S. tiburo elemental composition did not differ across ontogeny, suggesting residence in estuarine/coastal regions. The patterns of elemental composition were strikingly similar between C. brevipinna and C. limbatus, suggesting they co-occur in similar habitats across ontogeny. I. oxyrinchus elemental composition was stable over time, but some ontogenetic shifts occurred that may be due to changes in migration patterns with maturation. The results presented in this study enhance our understanding of the habitat use and movement patterns of coastal and oceanic sharks, and highlights the applicability of vertebral chemistry as a tool for characterizing shark life history traits.

scholarly journals Using Cucumis sativus, Acalymma vittatum, Celatoria setosa, and generalist pollinators as a case study for plant–insect interactions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Barrett ◽  
Camila C. Filgueiras ◽  
Denis S. Willett
Keyword(s):  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Community Interactions ◽  
Acalymma Vittatum ◽  
Nontarget Organisms ◽  
Plant Insect Interactions ◽  
Insect Interactions ◽  
Plant Herbivore ◽  
Plant Pollinator ◽  
Striped Cucumber Beetle

AbstractShowcasing how semiochemicals are both multifunctional and can influence a community of organisms is a constant frontier shared by chemical ecologists and applied entomologists alike. As researchers in these fields continue to share broad and overlapping interests, converging on one system could allow for a better understanding of community interactions and the chemical substances that mediate them. Cucurbit systems are strategically positioned to study these types of interactions because they combine the elements of plant–herbivore, plant–predator, and plant pollinator into one model and are systems where researchers can pursue both basic and applied questions. In this review, we propose Cucumis sativus [cucumber], Acalymma vittatum [striped cucumber beetle], Celatoria setosa [a natural enemy], and generalist pollinators as a system for continued investigation into semiochemicals, their multifunctional roles, and their influence on both target and nontarget organisms. We believe this system is ripe for further exploration at the frontiers in chemical ecology and applied entomology.

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