scholarly journals EVANGELICAL OBJECTS IN POLISH COLLECTIONS – ATTEMPT AT TYPOLOGY

Muzealnictwo ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (0) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Anna Seemann-Majorek
Keyword(s):  
Martin Luther ◽  
Sacred Places ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Reformation Movement

The article discusses the legacy of Protestantism in Poland and the Protestant collections preserved in museum institutions in Poland. The author presents the collections of Evangelical artefacts amassed in various ways and forms and at different times, which thus constitutes a preliminary typology of the legacy of the Reformation. For simplification, she defines Evangelical objects as all objects which are part of the broadly-understood Protestant legacy. The spectrum of these objects is very broad, ranging from artefacts in traditional museum institutions, through sacred places, works of art, technical monuments, ephemera, cemeteries, to virtual collections of audiovisual and digitised legal instruments. The examples quoted in the text do not exhaust the subject, but evidence the vastness and richness of the legacy acquired as a donation after the Reformation movement initiated by the Augustinian monk Martin Luther.

scholarly journals Zwalczanie kultu obrazów w dobie reformacji

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-269
Author(s):  
Maria Gołda-Sobczak
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
John Calvin ◽  
Eastern Christianity ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
The Reformation

The rejection and destruction of images, which was so characteristic of the iconoclastic movement of Eastern Christianity, was revived in the Reformation period. The theoretical foundation for this movement was provided by Erasmus of Rotterdam and it was later fully developed by Martin Luther, John Calvin and their successors. This movement had its origins in theology but also there were social and even national roots (in the Netherlands). The position developed during the Reformation period seems to have made an impression on the reception of works of art by the contemporaries not only in Protestant circles but in Catholic ones as well.

scholarly journals Martin Luther and Modernity, Capitalism, and Liberalism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Zachhuber
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Western Culture ◽  
Religious Dimension ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The French Revolution

The concept of modernity has emerged as a major philosophical, theological, and sociological category of interpretation in the aftermath of the French Revolution. It was meant to embrace fundamental changes to the fabric of Western culture, including the rise of capitalism, liberalism, democracy, and secularity. From its inception, references to Luther and the Reformation have been a frequent element of this kind of theory. The first major theorist of modernity in this sense was arguably Georg Friedrich Wilhelm Hegel, who set the tone of subsequent contributions by aligning modernity with subjectivity. For him, the religious dimension of this development was crucial, and he was explicit in his claim that it was the Reformation that brought the turn to subjectivity in the realm of religion. A side effect of the turn to subjectivity was the alienation of the subject from the world. Modernity is thus deeply ambivalent, and so is Protestantism. Later thinkers developed these insights further, but also criticized the identification of Luther with the origin of modernity, pointing to continuities between his theology and earlier, medieval thought.

scholarly journals LATAR BELAKANG, WARNA DASAR, DAN PENGARUH REFORMASI PROTESTAN TAHUN 1517 | BACKGROUND, BASIC CONTOURS AND IMPACT OF THE 1517 PROTESTANT REFORMATION

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 226
Author(s):  
George Ludwig Kirchberger
Keyword(s):  
Martin Luther ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
World Council Of Churches ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
Contextual Influence ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
World Council ◽  
Reformation Movement ◽  
The Church

<b>Abstract:</b> This article illustrates the background of. and reasons for, the Reformation, the basic contours of Luther’s theology and the Reformation movement he initiated, and the influence of the Reformation movement on the present situation. A brief description of the post-Reformation inter-Christian Church controversies for approximately 400 years is also presented, highlighting the fact that the theology of the time was unaware of the contextual influence of a text as the deepest reason for the controversy. The hermeneutical consciousness of the twentieth century led theology to overcome various inter-Christian Church controversies by showing that different and seemingly contradictory formulas could express the same truth, provided that each was placed in its original context. The author proposes as an example of the influence of the events of the Reformation on the present situation, the very important issue of religious freedom in situations such as Indonesia with a variety of religions and beliefs. In concluding the author gives advice on how different Christian Churches can learn from each other, so that they remain active in renewing the Church according to the ecclesia semper reformanda principle. <b>Keywords:</b> Reformation, Martin Luther, ecumenical, interChristian Church relationship, World Council of Churches. <b>Abstrak:</b> Artikel ini menggambarkan latar belakang dan alasan peristiwa Reformasi, warna dasar teologi Luther dan gerakan Reformasi yang dibangunnya, serta pengaruh gerakan Reformasi terhadap situasi dewasa ini. Deskripsi singkat kontroversi antar-Gereja Kristen pasca-Reformasi selama kurang lebih 400 tahun juga dimuat di sini dengan menampilkan kenyataan bahwa teologi waktu itu tidak menyadari pengaruh konteks atas suatu teks sebagai alasan terdalam lahirnya kontroversi itu. Kesadaran hermeneutis membuat teologi pada abad XX itu sanggup mengatasi pelbagai kontroversi antar-Gereja Kristen dengan membuktikan, rumusan yang berbeda dan bertentangan bisa menyatakan kebenaran yang sama, asalkan masing-masing ditempatkan dalam konteksnya yang asli. Sebagai suatu contoh pengaruh peristiwa Reformasi atas situasi dewasa ini, pengarang mengemukakan kebebasan beragama yang sangat penting dalam situasi seperti di Indonesia dengan anekaragam agama dan kepercayaan. Pada tempat terakhir penulis memberikan anjuran tentang bagaimana Gereja-gereja Kristen yang berbeda bisa saling belajar, agar mereka tetap aktif membarui Gereja seturut prinsip ecclesia semper reformanda. <b>Kata-kata kunci:</b> reformasi, Martin Luther, ekumene, relasi antar-Gereja Kristen, World Council of Churches.

scholarly journals La crísis del paradigma político medieval. Una reflexión sobre el debate de la teología política

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
José M. ROSALES
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Political Theology ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
William Of Ockham ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Reformation Movement ◽  
Secular Politics

The paper deals with the crisis of the medieval political paradigm as broken up in two different moments. The first, exemplified by the inner critique of William of Ockham, namely a theological revision of the Christian political theology in the fourteenth century, attempting to recover a secular basis for the theological doctrine. The second, advanced by Martin Luther and the Reformation movement two centuries later, that opposed the very legitimacy of a Christian politics and justified no conciliation at all between the canonical theology and secular politics.

The Two Governments and the Two Kingdoms in Luther's Thought

1981 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Martin Luther ◽  
Social Democracy ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Post War ◽  
Two Kingdoms

The facet of his thought commonly referred to as the doctrine of the two kingdoms has provoked some of the most intractable confusion and bitter controversy in post-war continental Luther scholarship, and the ripples of this debate which reached these shores have all too often amounted to a litany of sweeping statements which have done nothing to enhance the Reformer's reputation in England. Yet even before Hitler's war Luther had endured a century of disfavour among the leading academic and ecclesiastical circles on this side of the Channel. So marked was British — more particularly, English — distaste for Luther in the opening years of this century that the American church historian Preserved Smith devoted an article to the subject in 1917, listing Anglo-Catholicism, rationalism, socialism and — since 1914 — visceral hostility to all things German as four factors which had conspired to tarnish the Reformer's image in the minds of the English of that time. Fifteen years later the celebrated Modernist H. D. A. Major was to lament that, ‘Today Martin Luther, the greatest protagonist of the Reformation, is viewed as a vulgar, violent and mistaken man as hostile to humanist culture as he was to social democracy.’ The European conflict of the next decade provided the cue for the most damaging slur of all on the Reformer's memory, so that when in 1945 a third-rate pamphleteer denigrated Luther as ‘Hitler's spiritual ancestor’ his thesis had already been expressed by Archbishop William Temple, who had died the previous year.

scholarly journals Visualizing Narrative: Lutheran Theology in the Engravings of Lucas Cranach

2021 ◽  
pp. 79-84
Author(s):  
Petro Kotliarov ◽  
Vyacheslav Vyacheslav
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
Reformed Church ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
German Art ◽  
Sharp Criticism ◽  
The Church

The early stage of the Reformation in Germany was marked by an iconoclastic movement inspired by radical reformers. In the scientific literature, iconoclasm is often interpreted as a phenomenon that became a catastrophe for German art, as it halted its renaissance progress. The purpose of the article is to prove that the Lutheran Reformation did not become an event that stopped the development of German art, but, on the contrary, gave a new impetus to its development, especially the art of engraving. Throughout the history of Christianity, there have been discussions about what church art should be, in what form it should exist and what function it should carry. In the days of the Reformation, these discussions flared up with renewed vigor. Most reformers held the view that the church needed to be cleansed of works of art that were seen as a legacy of Catholicism. The iconoclast movement that transitioned into church pogroms and the destruction of works of art in Wittenberg in early 1522 prompted Martin Luther to publicly express his disagreement with the radical reformers and to express his own position on the fine arts in the reformed church. In a series of sermons from March 9 to 16, 1522 (Invocavit), Martin Luther recommended the destruction of images that became objects of worship, but considered it appropriate to leave works of art that illustrate biblical stories or reformation ideas. For Luther, the didactic significance of images became a decisive argument. The main points of the series of Luther’s sermons (Invocavit) show that he not only condemned the vandalism of iconoclasts, but also argued that the presence of works of art in the church does not contradict the Bible, but, on the contrary, helps to better understand important truths. It is noted that the result of Luther's tolerant position was the edition of the September Bible (1522) illustrated by Lucas Cranach's engravings. The reviewed narrative and visual sources prove that due to Reformation the art of engraving received a new impetus, and Lutheranism was formed not only as a church of the culture of the word, but also of the culture of the eye. It was established that the main requirement for art was strict adherence to the narrative, which is observed in the analyzed engravings of Lucas Cranach. It is considered that the engravings to the book of Revelation are characterized not only by the accuracy of the text, but also by sharpened polemics, adding a new sound to biblical symbols, sharp criticism of the Catholic Church, and visualization of the main enemies of the Reformed Church. It is proved that the polemical orientation of the engravings spurred interest and contributed to the commercial success of the September Bible. The rejection of traditional plots by protestant artists did not become overly destructive, and in some cases, it even led to the enrichment of European visual culture.

FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE FORMATION ANDSIGNIFICANCE OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLE AND LEGAL INSTITUTION OF JUDICIAL REPRESENTATION IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE OF THE XIX CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4(73)) ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
A.V. Sosnin
Keyword(s):  
Legal Profession ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Legal Institution ◽  
Constitutional Principle ◽  
Political Work ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Source Studies ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century

The subject of the study establishes the nature of the legal profession, peculiarities of formation of the legal profession of the nineteenth century, and the conditions past development of the legal profession in the Russian Empire and the first steps in the reformation of jury legal profession, providing information on references to judicial representation in the oldest monuments of the Russian Empire of the XIX century. Some features of the judicial counter-reform of 1864, which served as the beginning of the emergence and appearance of the juried bar, are described. The problems worthy on the way of self-origin and improvement of legal Institute of bar, the developed aspects of the organization and work of bar in the course of its formation were revealed. The embodiment of the ancient and later foundations of independence, the legality of corporatism, self-government and equality of lawyers. The test of reconstruction of one of the first and important legal institutions of representation of judicial and source studies of the Russian Empire is carried out. The key conclusions that determined the practice of our time, state political work, which formed the basis of the judicial and legal system of the state, are established.

Problems with the Interpretation of the “Slovak Reformation”

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-318
Author(s):  
Eva Kowalská
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Language Policies ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
Vernacular Language ◽  
Cultural Implications ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Reformation Movement ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
The Impact

AbstractStructural problems of communities affected by the “Slovak Reformation,” issues with accepting the situation or simply the relationships among various cultural phenomena, like literacy or language policies, are key aspects in studying the impact of the Reformation in Hungary, especially with respect to Slovaks. Information gathered from the Reformation had a direct and long-lasting impact on the formation of vernacular language, as well as on the search for and the construction of an ethnic identity. Searching for evidence left by the Slovak presence in the Reformation movement thus presents challenging though notable problems for Slovak historiography. The confessional division and its political as well as cultural implications have evoked long-lasting discussions among historians as well as politicians. This study focuses on the most relevant issues within these processes.

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