Furan. Determination in workplace air with gas chromatography

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-160
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Kucharska
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Flammable Liquid ◽  
Carcinogenic Effect ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
Vapor Absorption ◽  
Workplace Air ◽  
Air Sample ◽  
Thermal Food Processing

Furan is colorless, highly volatile and flammable liquid with a specific ether odor. In nature it occurs in some species of wood, it is formed during burning process of wood, tobacco, fuels and also in thermal food processing. In industry furan is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis, resins solvent, during production of lacquer, drugs, stabilizers, insecticides and also in production of chemical compounds which have polymeric and coordination structure. Carcinogenic effect on animals was a base of recognition that furan is a substance which is probably also carcinogenic on humans. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a method of determining furan in workplace air. Developed determination method of furan relies on vapor absorption of this substance on coconut shell charcoal. Furan was extracted by 5% butan-1-ol solution in toluene. Obtained solution was analyzed with chromatography. The study was performed with gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometer (GC-MS), equipped with non-polar HP-PONA capillary column (length 50 m, diameter 0.2 mm and the film thickness of the stationary phase 0.5 µm). Developed method is linear in the concentration range of 0.05–1.0 µg/ml, which is equivalent to the range of 0.005–0.1 mg/m3 for 10-L air sample. The analytical method described in this paper makes it possible to determine furan in workplace air in the presence of comorbid substances. The method is precise, accurate and it meets the criteria for procedures for determining chemical agents listed in Standard No. PN-EN 482. The developed method of determining furan in workplace air has been recorded as an analytical procedure (see Appendix). This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.

Hexachlorobenzene. Determination in workplace air

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1(99)) ◽  
pp. 29-44
Author(s):  
Joanna Kowalska
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Capillary Column ◽  
Analytical Procedure ◽  
Electron Capture Detection ◽  
Selective Determination ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
Workplace Air ◽  
Air Sample

The aim of this study was to develop and validate a method for determining of inhalable fraction of hexachlorobenzene in workplace air. The determination method is based on the adsorption of hexachlorobenzene on a polypropylene filter, extraction with hexane and an analysis of the resulting solution with gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). A capillary column with HP-5 (30 m × 0.32 mm, i.d. × 0.25 μm film thickness) was used. The method is linear within the working range from 0.018 μg/ml to 0.375 μg/ml, which is equivalent to air concentrations from 0.0003 to 0.006 mg/m3 for a 120-L air sample. The analytical method described in this paper enables selective determination of analytes in workplace air in the presence of coexisting substances. The method is precise, accurate and it meets the criteria for procedures for measuring chemical agents listed in Standard No. EN 482. This method can be used for assessing occupational exposure to hexachlorobenzene and the associated risk to workers’ health. The developed method of determining hexachlorobenzene has been recorded as an analytical procedure (see appendix). This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.

1,2-Dichloroethane. Determination in workplace air

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (2(96)) ◽  
pp. 133-143
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Woźnica
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Flammable Liquid ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Selective Determination ◽  
Flame Ionization ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Workplace Air ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Air Sample

1,2-Dichloroethane is a colorless, highly flammable liquid with a chloroform-like odor. This substance is used in industry as an intermediate in the production of vinyl chloride, but it is also used in the production of other chlorinated hydrocarbons. It is also used as a solvent. 1,2-Dichloroethane is carcinogenic for humans. The aim of this study was to develop a method for determining concentrations of 1,2-dichloroethane in the workplace air in the range from 1/10 to 2 MAC values (0.82–16.4 mg/m3). The study was performed using a gas chromatograph (GC) with a flame ionization detector (FID) equipped with a capillary column HP-1 (50 m x 0.32 mm; 0.3 μm). The method is based on the adsorption of 1,2-dichloroethane on activated charcoal, desorption of analyzed compound with carbon disulfide and analysis of obtained solution with GC-FID. The use of HP-1 column enabled selective determination of 1,2-dichloroethane in a presence of other substances. The average desorption coefficient of 1,2-dichloroethane from charcoal was 0.98. The method is linear (r = 0.9999) within the investigated working range from 9.84 to 196.8 μg/ml, which is equivalent to air concentrations from 0.82 to 16.4 mg/m3 for a 12-L air sample. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were to 2.284 μg/ml and 6.85 μg/ml, respectively. The analytical method described in this paper enables selective determination of 1,2-dichloroethane in workplace air in presence of other substances at concentrations from 0.82 mg/m3 (1/10 MAC value). The method is precise, accurate and it meets the criteria for procedures for measuring chemical agents listed in Standard No. EN 482. The method can be used for assessing occupational exposure to 1,2-dichloroethane and associated risk to workers’ health. The developed method of determining 1,2-dichloroethane has been recorded as an analytical procedure (see appendix).

scholarly journals Arsen i jego związki nieorganiczne. Metoda oznaczania w powietrzu na stanowiskach pracy

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolanta Surgiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Ferrous Metal ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
Workplace Air ◽  
Hygienic Standard ◽  
Individual Dosimetry ◽  
Air Sample

Arsenic is a chemical element classified as metalloids (semi-metals). Some arsenic compounds have been classified (according to CLP) as carcinogens, causing cancers of skin, respiratory system, liver and leukemia. In the industry, workers are exposed to arsenic and its compounds in its extraction, in metallurgy of non-ferrous metal ores, in metal refining processes, in the production of alloys, semiconductors, pigments and insecticides. In Poland, binding value of the hygienic standard (NDS) at workplace air, for the inhalable fraction of arsenic aerosol and its inorganic compounds, converted into As is 0.01 mg/m3 . A determination method has been developed that enables the determination of this substance in the air of 0.1 − 2 values of the hygiene standard, in accordance with the requirements of Standard PN-EN 482. Arsenic is determined with the atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomization (ET-AAS), in the concentration range of 5.00 − 100.0 μg/l which allows the determination of arsenic and its compounds in workplace air in the range of 0.0010 − 0.021 mg/m3 (for 480-L air sample). The presented procedure enables the determination of this substance with the use of individual dosimetry. This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.

Dinitrotoluene. Determination in workplace air

2021 ◽  
Vol XXXVII (1) ◽  
pp. 77-87
Author(s):  
Anna Jeżewska ◽  
Dorota Kondej
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Analytical Procedure ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Crystalline Solid ◽  
Array Detector ◽  
European Standard ◽  
Diode Array Detector ◽  
Liquid Chromatograph ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
Workplace Air

Dinitrotoluene (DNT) is a yellow, crystalline solid with a characteristic odor. It may consist of 6 isomers, but only two (2,4-DNT and 2,6-DNT) are of industrial importance. DNT can cause cancer. The aim of this study was to develop a method for the determination mixture of DNT isomers in workplace air, which will allow to determine its concentration at the level of 0.033 mg/m3. The method consists in stopping the mixture of dinitrotoluene isomers contained in the air on the glass fiber and the silica gel, extraction with methanol and chromatographic analysis of the obtained solution. The tests were carried out using a liquid chromatograph (HPLC) 1200 series from Agilent Technologies with a diode array detector (DAD). The method was validated in accordance with the requirements of the European Standard No. EN 482. The method allows the determination mixture of DNT isomers in the working environment air in the concentration range: 0.033 ÷ 0.66 mg/m3. The described method enables determination mixture of DNT isomers in the workplace air in the presence of: toluene-2,4-diamine, toluene-2,6-diamine, toluene-2,4-diyl diisocyanate, toluene-2,6-diyl diisocyanate and toluene. The method for determining dinitrotoluene has been recorded in the form of an analytical procedure (see Appendix). This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.

Propan-2-ol. Determining in workplace air with gas chromatography

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1(103)) ◽  
pp. 127-139
Author(s):  
Anna Jeżewska ◽  
Agnieszka Woźnica
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Carbon Disulphide ◽  
Measurement Range ◽  
Good Precision ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Flame Ionization ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
Air Sample ◽  
Colourless Liquid ◽  
Characteristic Odour

Propan-2-ol is an easily volatile, colourless liquid with a pungent characteristic odour. In industry it is used as a solvent and a dewatering, cleaning and disinfecting agent. Propan-2-ol has an irritating and narcotic effect. It may cause drowsiness or dizziness. The aim of the study was to amend the PN-Z-04224-02:1992 standard in accordance with the requirements of European standard PN-EN 482. The method was developed in the range of concentrations from 1/10 to 2 of the MAC value. The tests were performed using a gas chromatograph (GC) with a flame ionization detector (FID) equipped with a capillary column HP-INNOWAX (60 m × 0.25 × mm, 0.15 µm). The method is based on adsorption of propan-2-ol vapours on activated carbon, desorption with a mixture of carbon disulphide and N,N-dimethylformamide and chromatographic analysis of the obtained solution. Using an HP-INNOWAX column for the analysis makes it possible to selectively determine propan-2-ol in the presence of carbon disulphide, N,N-dimethylformamide. The measurement range is 90/1 800 mg/m3 for a 9-L air sample. The detection limit of this method is 0.09 µg/ml and the limit of quantification is 0.28 µg/ml. The method is characterized by good precision and accuracy and meets the criteria listed in EN 482 for procedures for measuring chemical agents. The method may be used for assessing occupational exposure to propan-2-ol and the associated risk to workers’ health. The developed method of determining propan-2-ol has been recorded as an analytical procedure (see Appendix). This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.

scholarly journals Bicyklo[4.4.0]dekan. Metoda oznaczania w powietrzu na stanowiskach pracy

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 167-177
Author(s):  
Anna Jeżewska
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Capillary Column ◽  
Analytical Procedure ◽  
Gas Chromatograph ◽  
Colorless Liquid ◽  
Flame Ionization ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
Workplace Air ◽  
Eye Damage

Bicyclo[4.4.0]decane (BCD), also known as decalin, is a colorless liquid with the scent of camphor, menthol and naphthalene. This substance can be fatal if swallowed or entered a respiratory tract. It can cause severe skin burns and eye damage, and is toxic if inhaled. The aim of this study was to develop a method for determining BCD in workplace air, which will allow the determination of its concentrations at the level of 5 mg/m3 . The method was based on adsorption of BCD vapors on activated carbon, desorption with acetone solution in carbon disulfide and chromatographic analysis of the obtained solution. The study was performed with a gas chromatograph (GC) with a flame ionization detector (FID) equipped with a DB-VRX capillary column (60 m × 0.25 mm, 1.4 µm). The method was validated in accordance with the requirements of Standard No. EN 482. The method allows the determination BCD in workplace air in the concentration range 5–200 mg/m3 . The method for determining BCD has been recorded in the form of an analytical procedure (see Appendix). This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.

2-Nitroanisole. Determining in workplace air with gas chromatography

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1(103)) ◽  
pp. 113-125
Author(s):  
Anna Jeżewska ◽  
Agnieszka Woźnica
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Analytical Procedure ◽  
Array Detector ◽  
Liquid Chromatograph ◽  
Total Uncertainty ◽  
Selective Determination ◽  
Maximum Admissible Concentration ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
Workplace Air

2-Nitroanisole is a colourless or slightly yellowish liquid. This substance is mainly used in the production of o-anisidine (2-methoxyaniline), which is directly or indirectly used for the production of more than 100 azo dyes. 2-Nitroanisole may cause cancer to humans. The aim of this study was to develop a method for determining concentrations of 2-nitroanisole in workplace air in the range from 1/10 to 2 of maximum admissible concentration (MAC) values. The developed method is based on the adsorption of 2-nitroanisole on a silica gel, extraction with methanol and chromatographic analysis of the resulting solution. The tests were performed using a liquid chromatograph (HPLC) 1200 series of Agilent Technologies with a diode array detector (DAD). Determinations were performed using an Ultra C18 column (25 cm × 4.6 mm, dp = 5 µm). The procedure was validated according to Standard No. EN 482. The method can be used to determine 2-nitroanisole in workplace air in the concentration range from 0.16 to 3.2 mg/m3, i.e., from 1/10 to 2 MAC values. In that range, the obtained calibration curve was linear, as evidenced by the regression coefficient of 1. The overall accuracy of the method was about 5.3% and its relative total uncertainty was 23%. This method enables selective determination of 2-nitroanisole in workplace air in the presence of other compounds, such as methanol, o-anisidine, 3-nitroanisole, 4-nitroanisole and 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene. The method for determining 2-nitroanisole has been recorded in the form of an analytical procedure (see Appendix). This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.

n-Butyl acetate and its isomers – isobutyl acetate and sec-butyl acetate Determination in workplace air

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (1(91)) ◽  
pp. 151-165
Author(s):  
Joanna Kowalska
Keyword(s):  
Butyl Acetate ◽  
Capillary Column ◽  
Solvent Mixtures ◽  
Selective Determination ◽  
Flame Ionization ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Isobutyl Acetate ◽  
Workplace Air ◽  
Air Sample

n-Butyl acetate and its isomers, isobutyl acetate and sec-butyl acetate, are colorless, flammable liquids with a fruity odour. Because of their physicochemical properties they are commonly used as organic solvents and compounds of solvent mixtures in various industries. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a method for determining concentrations of n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate and sec-butyl acetate in workplace air. The determination method is based on the adsorption of n-butyl acetate and its isomers on activated charcoal (100/50 mg sections), desorption with carbon disulfide and the analysis of the resulting solution with gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). A capillary column with HP-FFAP (50 m × 0.32 mm, i.d. × 0.50 μm film thickness) was used. The method is linear within the working range from 0.24 mg/ml to 4.8 mg/ml, which is equivalent to air concentrations from 24 to 480 mg/m3 for a 10-L air sample. The analytical method described in this paper enables selective determination of analytes in workplace air in presence of coexisting substances. The method is precise, accurate and it meets the criteria for procedures for measuring chemical agents listed in Standard No. EN 482. The method can be used for assessing occupational exposure to n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate and sec-butyl acetate and associated risk to workers’ health. The developed method of determining n-butyl acetate and its isomers (isobutyl acetate, sec-butyl acetate) has been recorded as an analytical procedure (see appendix).

Benzidine. Determination in workplace air

2021 ◽  
Vol XXXVII (1) ◽  
pp. 49-75
Author(s):  
Anna Jeżewska ◽  
Agnieszka Woźnica
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Crystalline Solid ◽  
Fluorescence Detector ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Liquid Chromatograph ◽  
Total Uncertainty ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
Workplace Air

Benzidine is a white, crystalline solid. In the past, it was used mainly for the production of dyes, and nowadays in chemical analysis. Benzidine can cause bladder cancer to humans. The aim of this study was to develop a method for determining benzidine in workplace air, which will makes it possible to determine its concentrations at the lowest possible level. The method is based on the chemisorption of benzidine on a glass fiber filter treated with sulphuric acid(VI), extraction of benzidine disulphate with water and sodium hydroxide solution, and after extraction to the solid phase (SPE), benzidine is eluted from the SPE cartridge using 1 mL of methanol. The obtained solution is analyzed chromatographically. The tests were performed using a liquid chromatograph (HPLC) 1200 series of Agilent Technologies with a fluorescence detector (FLD). Determinations were performed using an Ultra C18 column (25 cm × 4.6 mm, dp = 5 µm). The procedure was validated according to Standard No. EN 482. The method can be used to determine benzidine in workplace air in the concentration range from 0.1 to 2 µg/m3. The limit of quantification (LOQ) is 0.25 ng/m3. The overall accuracy of the method was 5.36% and its relative total uncertainty was 23%. This method makes it possible to selectively determine benzidine in workplace air in the presence of most substances that do not show fluorescence, and in the presence of: biphenyl-4-amine, 1-naphthylamine and 2-naphthylamine, which show fluorescence. The method of determining benzidine has been recorded as an analytical procedure (see Appendix). This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.

scholarly journals Trietyloamina. Metoda oznaczania w powietrzu na stanowiskach pracy z zastosowaniem chromatografii gazowej z detekcją płomieniowo-jonizacyjną

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-187
Author(s):  
Sławomir Brzeźnicki ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Silica Gel ◽  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Polymerization Process ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Blurred Vision ◽  
Vision Disorder ◽  
Flame Ionization ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
Workplace Air ◽  
Other Substances

Triethylamine (TEA) is a tertiary aliphatic amine. At room temperature it is a colourless liquid with a strong ammonia odor. TEA is used as a substrat in production of quaternary ammonium compound, as a catalyst in polymerization process, as a solvent in organic synthesis and as an emulsifier in the production of dyes and pesticides. Occupational exposure to TEA can cause many adverse effects like skin, respiratory tract or eye irritation. TEA may cause also vision disorder like blurred vision or red-blue vision. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a method for determining TEA in workplace air. The developed method is based on the collection of TEA on sorbent tube filed with two sections of silica gel coated with hydrochloric acid. Silica gel is extracted with methanol:water mixture and resulted solution is analysed with capillary gas chromatography with flame-ionization detector. The study was performed using gas chromatograph equipped with DB-5ms column. The developed method is linear in the concentration range of 7.5–150 μg/ml, which is equivalent to the range of 0.03–6 mg/m3 for 100-L air sample. The analytical method described in this paper makes it possible to determine TEA in workplace air in the presence of other substances. The method is precise, accurate and it meets the criteria for procedures for determining chemical agents listed in Standard No. PN-EN 482. The developed method for determining TEA in workplace air has been recorded as an analytical procedure (see Appendix). This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.

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