Effect of Polyethylene Glycol Treatment on Acetic Acid Emissions from Wood

Acetic acid is known to be emitted from sound wood and can accelerate damage to heritage materials, particularly metals. However, few studies have investigated the extent of acetic acid emissions from archaeological wood. This research utilised Solid-Phase-Micro-Extraction (SPME) GC–MS and lead coupon corrosion to identify volatile emissions from polyethylene glycol (PEG)-treated archaeological wood from the Mary Rose collection and assess if they could cause accelerated damage. In addition, the effect of PEG treatment on acetic acid emissions was investigated using sound wood samples. For sound wood, the PEG treatment acted as a barrier to acetic acid emissions, with higher-molecular-weight PEGs preventing more emissions. Archaeological wood, despite its age and high-molecular-weight PEG treatment, still emitted detectable concentrations of acetic acid. Moreover, they emitted a wider array of compounds compared to sound wood, including carbon disulphide. Like sound wood, when the archaeological wood samples were in a sealed environment with lead coupons, they caused accelerated corrosion to lead. This evidences that archaeological wood can emit high enough concentrations of volatile compounds to cause damage and further investigation should be performed to evaluate if this can occur inside museum display cases.

Synthesis of Schiff’s Bases of 1,2,4-Triazole Derivatives under Microwave Irradiation Technique and Evaluation of Their Anti-diabetic Activity

Background: Schiff bases play key role for the generation of a large number of biologically active compounds via cycloaddition, replacement and ring closure reactions. Objective: The objective of this study is to optimize the purity and yield of product, reaction time, eco-friendly reaction by the help of microwave assisted organic synthesis. Methods: New series of Schiff’s bases of triazole derivatives were achieved via multicomponent reactions. The starting material benzohydrazide 1 was obtained by esterification of bezoyl chloride with methanol in presence of concentrated sulphuric acid followed by the reaction with hydrazine hydrate. Benzohydrazide was allowed to react with carbon disulphide in ethanolic potassium hydroxide solution to yield potassium dithiocarbazinate 2 which undergoes cyclization by reacting with hydrazine hydrate to afford 4-[amino]-5-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (3). Further, various Schiff’s bases 4a-f were obtained by reacting 1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol with different substituted benzaldehydes under microwave irradiations as a green and eco-friendly energy source. Results: The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were elucidated in accordance with their spectral data and elemental analysis. Conclusion : The obtained compounds exhibited significant in-vivo anti-diabetic activity as compared to the standard drug Metformin. The anti-diabetic effect was investigated by using Alloxan-induced diabetic model.

Detection of Volatiles from Raw Beef Meat from Different Packaging Systems Using Solid-Phase Microextraction GC–Accurate Mass Spectrometry

The volatile profile of raw beef contains vital information related to meat quality and freshness. This qualitative study examines the effect of packaging system on the formation and release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from raw beef over time, relative to the packaging best before date (BBD). The three packaging systems investigated were modified atmospheric packaging, vacuum packaging, and cling-wrapped packaging. Porterhouse steak samples with the same BBD were analysed from 3 days before to 3 days after the BBD. VOCs were detected via preconcentration using solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–accurate mass quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In total, 35 different VOCs were tentatively identified. Interestingly, there was no clear relationship of the VOCs detected between the three packaging systems, with only carbon disulphide and acetoin, both known volatiles of beef, detected in all three. This is the first study to investigate the effects of commercial packaging systems on VOC formation; it provides an understanding of the relationship of VOCs to the BBD that is essential for the development of on-pack freshness and quality sensors.

A Synthesis of Substituted 1,3,4-Oxadiazole, Pyrazole Deravatives and It’s Biological Activities

Aim: Nicotine Substituted 1,3,4 Oxadiazole and pyrazole moieties were integrated by utilizing hydrazide as halfway .Oxadiazole were acquired by two techniques one is by utilizing PoCl3 within the sight of fragrant corrosive ,other is by utilizing carbon disulphide in the presence ofpotassium hydroxide as an impetus .Pyrazoles were likewise gotten by ehtylacetoacetate we acquired unrefined item and again it was recrystallized by utilizing alcohol.All incorporated mixtures were evaluated for Antibacterial activity and enaminones showed promising action against standard medication ciprofloxacin. Methods: TLC on silica gel G was used to check for homogeneity of the title compound. H NMR, Mass, and IR Spectra were used to characterise these compounds, and their antibacterial activity was tested. Results: All of these compounds, including nicotine substituted ester, hydrazide, 1,3,4 Oxadiazole, and pyrazole, showed antibacterial activity. The maximum activity of enaminones was comparable to that of the standard drug ciprofloxacin (5mcg). Compound1 showed potent antimicrobial activity Conclusion: In the zone of inhibition studies, all six samples at MIC concentrations showed reasonable antimicrobial activity Compound1 showed very good antimicrobial activity

Monthly resolved modelled oceanic emissions of carbonyl sulphide and carbon disulphide for the period 2000–2019

Carbonyl sulphide (OCS) is the most abundant, long-lived sulphur gas in the atmosphere and a major supplier of sulphur to the stratospheric sulphate aerosol layer. The short-lived gas carbon disulphide (CS2) is oxidized to OCS and constitutes a major indirect source to the atmospheric OCS budget. The atmospheric budget of OCS is not well constrained due to a large missing source needed to compensate for substantial evidence that was provided for significantly higher sinks. Oceanic emissions are associated with major uncertainties. Here we provide a first, monthly resolved ocean emission inventory of both gases for the period 2000–2019 (available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4297010) (Lennartz et al., 2020a). Emissions are calculated with a numerical box model (2.8∘×2.8∘ resolution at the Equator, T42 grid) for the oceanic surface mixed layer, driven by ERA5 data from ECMWF and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) from Aqua MODIS. We find that interannual variability in OCS emissions is smaller than seasonal variability and is mainly driven by variations in CDOM, which influences both photochemical and light-independent production. A comparison with a global database of more than 2500 measurements reveals overall good agreement. Emissions of CS2 constitute a larger sulphur source to the atmosphere than OCS and equally show interannual variability connected to variability in CDOM. The emission estimate of CS2 is associated with higher uncertainties as process understanding of the marine cycling of CS2 is incomplete. We encourage the use of the data provided here as input for atmospheric modelling studies to further assess the atmospheric OCS budget and the role of OCS in climate.

Ambient Air Measurement of Benzene, Toluene and Xylene Within a Nigerian Petroleum Products Depot and Its Host Environment Using Carbon Adsorption and GC-FID Techniques

Health effects of benzene, toluene and xylene emissions from a Nigerian Petroleum Products depot make stringent adherence to maximum allowable concentration very important. The storage facilities and distribution network and other installations of petroleum products depot are significant sources of benzene, toluene and xylene therefore ambient air of the depot requires observation and assessment. The ambient air concentrations of BTX were been measured within Pipelines and Product Marketing Company, Mosimi Depot and its immediate environment. Air samples were collected on granular activated charcoal through low volume air sampler and extracted with carbon disulphide (CS2) by desorption process.The extracted solutions were subjected to Flame Ionization Detection analysis in a gas chromatograph (Model: HP 6890) using a capillary column HP 5MS with length, inner diameter and particle size set at 30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm. The gas chromatograph was powered with chemstation RevA09.01 [1206] software to determine the concentrations of each of the identified VOCs species. The concentrations of benzene, toluene, p xylene, m xylene and o xylene ranged between 0.0104 - 0.0711, 0.0019 - 0.0998, 0.0010 - 0.0022, 0.0014 - 0.0026 and 0.0006 0.0019 mg/m3 respectively. The mean values were 0.0277, 0.0389, 0.0013, 0.0019 and 0.00010 mg/m3, respectively. On the average, the observed concentrations did not exceed the tolerance (air concentrations) limits set for Nigeria environment by the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA).

Multi-Component One Pot assisted Synthesis, Anti-bacterial Capabilities and Scanning Electron Microscopy of Novel Corticosteroid Thiopyran

Background: Corticosteroids are important group of polycyclic compounds having a wide range of pharmacological and physiological properties. Thiopyran derivatives are important building blocks of many biologically active compounds. Objective: Keeping in mind the wide range of application of corticosteroid and thiopyran, herein we intend to develop a simple and efficient strategy to synthesize steroidal thiopyran derivatives starting with different commercially available corticosteroid and study their biological property. Materials and Methods: To achieve our aim, we employed a one-pot multicomponent synthesis of steroidal thiopyran derivatives by the reaction of corticosteriods, malononitrile and carbon disulphide in presence of triethyl amine as a catalyst. Results and Discussion : An array of novel thiopyran compounds were obtained with the highest product yield using Et3N. Scanning electron microscopy analysis manifested agglomeration pertaining to brick - shaped crystals of corticosteroid thiopyran. Synthesized compound were also found to be active as antibacterial agents. Conclusion: We describe a facile one-pot multicomponent synthesis of corticosteroid thiopyran derivatives which are found to possess antibacterial activity. Excellent yields of the products, simple work-up, easily available starting materials and non-chromatographic purification are some main advantages of this protocol.

Fatty Acid Composition and Volatile Profile of M. longissimus thoracis from Commercial Lambs Reared in Different Forage Systems

Animal production factors can affect the fatty acid and volatile profile of lamb meat. The fatty acid and volatile composition of the M. longissimus thoracis was evaluated from 150 lambs from 10 groups of commercial lambs that differed in age, sex, diet and breed, from three farms, which represent typical forage lamb production systems in New Zealand. The meat from 4-month-old composite lambs slaughtered at weaning had a similar polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio compared to 6- to 8-month-old composite lambs, but a greater ratio than that of 12-month-old Merino lambs (p < 0.05), with all ratios being lower than the recommended ≥0.45. All lamb production systems produced meat with an omega-6 to omega-3 ratio below 1.5, well below the recommended ratio ≤ 4.0. Meat from 4-month-old lambs had higher C12:0, C14:0 and C16:0 and lower C18:0, reflecting the composition of the milk diet, resulting in higher atherogenic index than meat from other animal groups, while meat from 12-month-old Merino lambs, with lower content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, showed higher thrombogenic index. Meat from lambs processed at weaning contained the greatest concentration of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, which would qualify as a ‘source’ or ‘good source’ of these target fatty acids based on the Commission of Regulation of the European Union or the Food Standards Australia New Zealand guidelines, respectively. Volatiles were extracted from the headspace of raw lean meat and 36 volatile compounds were identified. The abundance of carbon disulphide, isododecane, heptanal, 2,5-hexanediol and 3-octanone and pentanoic, octanoic, nonanoic and heptanoic acids was similar between all groups of lambs. Meat from 12-month-old Merino lambs had low abundance of acetic, propanoic, butanoic and hexanoic acids, and hexanal, octanal and dimethyl sulphide. For 6- to 8-month-old composite lambs, hexanal, octanal and nonanal were present at higher relative abundance in meat from lambs that grazed on chicory than perennial ryegrass. The significant differences in the fatty acid and volatile profiles in meat from 12-month-old Merino lambs compared with lambs slaughtered at weaning or further grazed on red clover, chicory or mixed pasture may result in distinctive nutritional value and lamb flavour.