Prototyp eines Bildschirmfarbtests

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to develop a new digital colour vision test. Material and Methods. Based on the principle of metamerism, a digital testing strategy was developed for efficient measurement of colour vision. Twentyfive subjects participated in the study, 21 of whom had normal colour vision and four of whom had a congenital colour vision disorder. Differences in colour vision were examined by monocular presentation of halfquadrants of different hues and degrees of saturation, and the algorithm calculated the colour vision defects that occurred based on the subjects’ responses. The following colour vision values were assigned from the data: a colour scale range of 2.76 – 7.18 for normal colour vision and greater than 7.18 for colour sense disorders. A second new colour scale assessed the type of colour vision disturbance: in the range of 0 – 0.3 were values for a deuteranomaly, in the range of 0.6 – 1.0 were values for a protanomaly, and a value of 1.0 corresponded to a tritanomaly. Results. The difference in colour vision between subjects with normal colour vision and those with a colour vision defect was confirmed (p < 0.001) by measuring the type and the extent of the colour vision disorder was determined. In the group of subjects with normal colour perception, a mean colour scale value of 3.41 ± 0.52 was determined. The extent of colour sense disturbance for the subjects with colour vision impairment was values of 7.18 – 14.33 according to the colour scale, indicating greater variability. Conclusion. The developed algorithm provided meaningful results regarding the colour perception of the test persons. It was possible to differentiate between normal colour vision and colour vision disorder could be shown. Furthermore, the variation between subjects with normal colour vision could be evaluated. Keywords. Colors, colour vision, colour sense disorders, colour test, software algorithm

Refractive errors and risk factors for myopia in infants aged 1–18 months in Tianjin, China

Background Infancy is the of a child’s visual development. Refractive errors, especially myopia, are a common vision disorder. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explore refractive errors and risk factors for myopia among infants aged 1–18 months in Tianjin, China. Methods A total of 583 infants aged 1–18 months participated in this cross-sectional study at Tianjin Women’s and Children’s Health Center in China from February 2019 to November 2020. Each infant received a complete ophthalmologic examination, and myopia-related risk factors were investigated using a questionnaire. Results A total of 583 eligible infants participated in this study, including 312 (53.5%) boys and 271 (46.5%) girls. There were 164 (28.1%) premature born infants. The mean age was 6.59 ± 4.84 months (range, 1–18 months). The mean spherical equivalent (MSE) for the right eye was 1.81 D ± 1.56 D, with no difference related to sex (P = 0.104). Refractive state showed an average hyperopia of +2.74 ± 1.74 D at early ages, followed by a trend toward less hyperopia, finally reaching +1.35 ± 1.44 D at the age of 18 months (P ≤0.001). The overall prevalence rates of myopia (MSE ≤ −0.50 D), emmetropia (−0.50 D<MSE<+0.50 D), hyperopia (MSE ≥ +2.00 D), and astigmatism (≥ 1.50 D) were 5.1%, 10.8%, 42.7%, and 49.9%, respectively. The chi-square tests showed that gender, gestational age ≥37 weeks, winter birth, prenatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, and parental history of high myopia were associated with children’s myopia (P = 0.022, P = 0.023, P = 0.038, P = 0.015, P<0.001, respectively). Conclusions Among Chinese infants in Tianjin, hyperopia and astigmatism were the most frequent refractive errors, and the diopter was lower in individuals with higher age. In a small number of infants with myopia, genetic factors and the prenatal environment were associated with the early onset of myopia.

Colour Vision Disorder due to Conversion Disorders in Childhood

Background Non-organic vision loss can manifest in various ways, most commonly in the form of reduced vision and visual field defects. Colour vision disorders in the context of a conversion disorder have only rarely been reported. Materials and Methods This review presents the case of a 9-year-old boy with a colour vision disorder as the isolated symptom of a conversion disorder. The challenging in this case was an additional somatic comorbidity – a congenital red-green deficiency. Consequently it was difficult to make a diagnosis and to convince the parents. Conclusion It is important to rule out organic causes and establish the diagnosis of a conversion disorder. In these cases, multidisciplinary treatment is crucial for a successful outcome. The diagnosis may be especially challenging when the patients have both somatic and psychogenic complaints.

A Comprehensive Review on Acromegaly: A Complicated Endocrine Disorder

Acromegaly is a disease or disorder that is caused by the hyper secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary, that results in the excessive growth of tissues of body and dysfunctioning of other metabolic processes. Acromegaly is usually caused by the non-cancerous (benign) tumour and middle-aged people are mostly affected by it. Patients with acromegaly have pain in the joints, physical deformities, deepening of voice, bulging chest, protruding lower jaw, large feet and hands, oily skin, vision disorder or erectile dysfunction (impotence). Acromegaly occurs after the fusion of growth plates while gigantism occurs before the fusion of growth plates. This article reviews the pathophysiology and management of acromegaly as well as it highlights the etiology and epidemiology of acromegaly

Trietyloamina. Metoda oznaczania w powietrzu na stanowiskach pracy z zastosowaniem chromatografii gazowej z detekcją płomieniowo-jonizacyjną

Triethylamine (TEA) is a tertiary aliphatic amine. At room temperature it is a colourless liquid with a strong ammonia odor. TEA is used as a substrat in production of quaternary ammonium compound, as a catalyst in polymerization process, as a solvent in organic synthesis and as an emulsifier in the production of dyes and pesticides. Occupational exposure to TEA can cause many adverse effects like skin, respiratory tract or eye irritation. TEA may cause also vision disorder like blurred vision or red-blue vision. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a method for determining TEA in workplace air. The developed method is based on the collection of TEA on sorbent tube filed with two sections of silica gel coated with hydrochloric acid. Silica gel is extracted with methanol:water mixture and resulted solution is analysed with capillary gas chromatography with flame-ionization detector. The study was performed using gas chromatograph equipped with DB-5ms column. The developed method is linear in the concentration range of 7.5–150 μg/ml, which is equivalent to the range of 0.03–6 mg/m3 for 100-L air sample. The analytical method described in this paper makes it possible to determine TEA in workplace air in the presence of other substances. The method is precise, accurate and it meets the criteria for procedures for determining chemical agents listed in Standard No. PN-EN 482. The developed method for determining TEA in workplace air has been recorded as an analytical procedure (see Appendix). This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.

Color Blind Test Using Ishihara Method for Mercu Buana University Prospective Students Selection

Mercu Buana University is a private university which consists of seven faculties. At the Faculty of Design and Creative Arts, Faculty of Communication Sciences and Faculty of Engineering, additional requirements are required for new student candidates, i.e. a color blindness free certificate. Color blindness is a vision disorder caused by the inability of the eye cone cells to perceive a certain spectrum of colors. There are many ways to test someone's color blindness, one of which is by using the Ishihara method. To obtain a color blindness free certificate, prospective students must visit a clinic or hospital, carry out the applicable color blind test procedure, then bring the results to campus. Based on these problems, the research was conducted with the aim of making a color blind test application that can issue a recommendation letter based on the test results of prospective new students. The system development method uses System Development Life Cycle. The results of the study were an android-based color blind test application that was able to detect color blindness using the Ishihara method and issued a recommendation letter based on the test results of prospective new students in the on-time application.

High-frequency Coronal Discharge, Infrared Thermography and Visual Acuity Measurements of Bioelectromagnetic Influence

Bioelectromagnetic influence on the eyes of a group of 336 subjects with various vision disorders: amblyopia, myopia and hypermetropia were investigated with high-frequency black-white and color coronal discharge, infrared thermography and visual acuity measurements. The authors have performed registration of the biggest part of electromagnetic fields – infrared and electric fields. Positive correlation with r=0.55­0.65 at a level of significance of p<0.01 was found between the temperature change (connected with vasodilation) in the influenced areas and the average change of visual acuity (visus). In the cases without correction, Student’s t-test of visus values for both eyes before and after bioelectromagnetic influence lead to t=6.0­6.7 at significance level p<0.001 and average increase of 14.5%. In the cases of refraction amblyopia, for the difference in both eyes with correction,t was equal to 6.7­7.1 at significance level p<0.001 and the average visus was increased and was 25.5%. Concerning the correlation between the temperature difference and the effective width of the high-frequency corona discharge, it was found that r=6.0­6.7 at significance level p<0.001.The dependence of the bio effect on the stage of the vision disorder (light, medium, heavy) was investigated. A distinct regularity was found with a coefficient of correlation r ranging from ­0,35 to ­0,45 at significance level p<0,001 that the influence efficiency was highest in light disorders and lowest in heavy disorders. Single-factor dispersion analysis was performed concerning age-related dependence of the healing effect in cases of visual disorders. For the three groups: 4­-10, 11-­21 and 22­-49 years of age, we found that F=4,4­-4,6 at significance level p<0.01 corresponding to higher healing results at younger ages.

Ocular Disorder in Students with Intellectual Impairment and Other Neurological Disorders: A Case Series

Purpose: Literature shows high prevalence of ocular disorder in children with mental retardation. This study aims to evaluate the ocular disorders in children with Intellectual impairment and other neurological disorders. Materials and methods: 36 school students (15 females, 24 males) aged between 5-18 years were included in this case series study. All children had undergone through a complete eye examination including a standard sensory and motor evaluation to assess binocular vision dysfunction. Results: Result shows 97.22% students have ocular problem. Refractive error (48.71%) and binocular vision disorder (35.80%) were the major ocular problems following by ocular disease (ex; keratoconus, glaucoma) (5%) seen in this study. Conclusion: Prevalence of refractive error and binocular vision dysfunction is high in the students with intellectual impairment and other neurological disorders. This study suggests that all children with these similar disabilities should undergo an annual eye checkup to prevent visual impairment for their future life.

Screening of Colour Vision in Paediatric Population

The descriptive cross-sectional study was done to screen the children attending paediatric OPD of Saveetha Medical College and Hospital for colour vision deficiency and to find out the overall prevalence of CVD and compare the prevalence rate among males and females. One hundred seventy-five children in the age group 4 – 12 years attending paediatric OPD of Saveetha Medical College and Hospital were taken up for the study. Visual acuity and colour vision test using the Ishihara chart was conducted for all the children. Results were tabulated and statistically analysed. It was noted that 7 (4.14%) children were found to be colour deficient. Out of which 6 (7.68%) and 1 (1.10%) were Male and Female children respectively, Considering the religion, the higher prevalence of colour vision deficiency was found among Muslim children 4(14.8%) as compared to Hindu 2 (2.1%) and Christian 1 (2.1%) children. Early diagnosis of this defect helps them in minimising the potential problems they face in their everyday life, and enable them to make adaptive strategies to improve the quality of life and most importantly helps them in choosing appropriate professional choice in their career and creating awareness through education. Medical counselling will improve to reduce the occurrence of Colour Vision disorder.