Arsen i jego związki nieorganiczne. Metoda oznaczania w powietrzu na stanowiskach pracy

Arsenic is a chemical element classified as metalloids (semi-metals). Some arsenic compounds have been classified (according to CLP) as carcinogens, causing cancers of skin, respiratory system, liver and leukemia. In the industry, workers are exposed to arsenic and its compounds in its extraction, in metallurgy of non-ferrous metal ores, in metal refining processes, in the production of alloys, semiconductors, pigments and insecticides. In Poland, binding value of the hygienic standard (NDS) at workplace air, for the inhalable fraction of arsenic aerosol and its inorganic compounds, converted into As is 0.01 mg/m3 . A determination method has been developed that enables the determination of this substance in the air of 0.1 − 2 values of the hygiene standard, in accordance with the requirements of Standard PN-EN 482. Arsenic is determined with the atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomization (ET-AAS), in the concentration range of 5.00 − 100.0 μg/l which allows the determination of arsenic and its compounds in workplace air in the range of 0.0010 − 0.021 mg/m3 (for 480-L air sample). The presented procedure enables the determination of this substance with the use of individual dosimetry. This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.

The main disadvantages of the sanitary and hygienic characteristics of working conditions which complicate the expertise of the relation between the disease and occupation

Introduction. Examining the disease’s connection with the occupation being the cornerstones in occupational health cannot be based on template solutions. When considering the aetiology of the disease, the entire document was the sanitary and hygienic characteristics of working conditions, the quality of which often determines the patient’s fate. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of the sanitary and hygienic characteristics of 647 inpatient medical records from 2013 to 2020, aimed at examining the relationship of the disease with the occupation: 562 cards with an established diagnosis, 85 - with an unspecified final diagnosis of an occupational disease. The contingent of the surveyed: 98.0% - employees of various industries and enterprises of the Republic of Bashkortostan, 2.0% - residents of other regions of the country, as well as the republic working in the Far North on a shift basis. Results. When preparing the characteristics in 73.0% of cases, the employees of Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing were based only on the data of a special assessment of working conditions, in which there was no complete information about the working conditions of the employee, which often leads to the inability to establish an occupational disease to the patient. In 7.0% of cases, the values of harmful industrial factors in the presented characteristics were on the border with the hygienic standard, which, with significant work experience and the presence of clear signs of occupational disease in the patient, also puts expert doctors in a difficult position. The situation mentioned above may be the cause of a legal dispute on the part of the employee if he refuses to establish an occupational illness and the employer if the issue is resolved positively for the employee. The reasons for delaying the terms of the examination were the need to request additional documents in connection with the data provided in the characteristics on the nature of the influencing harmful factors, based only on literary sources. Non-compliance with the deadlines for submitting the attributes to the Center of Occupational Pathology was observed in almost 100.0 % of cases. In 75.0% of cases, employees signed it without receiving explanations of quantitative and qualitative indicators. Conclusion. There is an urgent need to review the methodological approaches to compiling sanitary and hygienic characteristics of working conditions, develop an algorithm for its preparation, and the level of responsibility of all stakeholders for the quality of the document.

Substantiation of the hygienic standard for air exchange multiplicity in medical premises of ambulances built into residential houses for preservation and improvement of the health of medical staff

Objective: We substantiated a hygienic standard for air exchange multiplicity in the doctors’medical premises at the ambulances built into residential houses to preserve and strengthen their health. Materials and methods: The analytical method was applied in the work (regulatory framework of sanitary and town-planning legislation, development of the hygienic standard by calculation method). The air exchange calculation for the working places of family doctors of the built-in ambulances was carried out in accordance with the NBS B.2.5-67:2013 Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning. Results and discussion: The calculation of air exchange rate for the doctors’ working places of the healh care facilities built into the residential houses was carried out in accordance with the NBS B.2.5-67:2013 Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (Annex X (mandatory) Minimum Outdoor Air Consumption) and corresponding formulas. To calculate the air exchange in the doctors’premises, the category of the works of the doctors of the ambulance medical practice, which refers to light physical (office) work by the category I; the number of nurses at work at the same time and the potential number of visitors (2 persons - doctor and patient; 3 persons - doctor, nurse and patient and / or doctor, patient and accompanying person; 4 persons - doctor, nurse, patient and accompanying patient person); the minimum air consumption per 1 person - 60 m3 / hour; the regulatory size of the area of the medical premises (12 m2, 18 m2) and different types of housing estate with 2.5 m and 3 m premise high were taken into account. Conclusions: To replace the current standard K = 1 (NBS B.2.2-10-2001 Health Care Facilities), the standards of optimal air exchange multiplicity K = 6.44 and K = 8.40 in doctors’ medical facilities with different sizes and the number of people staying simultaneously were substantiated on the basis of the conducted hygienic study of the conditions of the placement of modern health care facilities of ambulance type built into residential houses. In order to ensure strengthening and preservation of the health of medical staff and patients and to create the proper sanitary and anti-epidemic working conditions for staff, the health care facilities, built into residential houses, need the mechanical plenum-exhaust ventilation according to the new reasonable standards of air exchange multiplicity for medical premises.

Effects of Screen Time and Season on Cardiovascular System Indicators in Primary Schoolchildren

Indicators of the cardiovascular system, including heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) variability parameters, were analyzed in primary school students with different computer screen times. The study included 4084 students of grades 1–4 (age 7–12 years) from 66 Moscow schools. The screen time at school and out of school was assessed by teachers, based on the national Sanitary Rules and Regulations: 0, no screen time; 1, screen time matching hygienic standards; 2, screen time at least twice greater than recommended. Physiological examinations were carried out by spiroarteriocardiorhythmography with a face mask, the conditions corresponding to the functional stress test (mild hypercapnia/hypoxia). Testing took place in spring and autumn (independent samples). Statistical data processing was performed using nonparametric criteria. It was revealed that the introduction of computer technologies in school lessons within the limits of hygienic standards was accompanied by an increase, within the normal range, of systolic BP in girls at the end of grade 2 and 4 and in boys at the beginning and end of grade 4. Screen time at least twice higher than the hygienic standard did not have an additional effect on BP, but provoked shifts in the function of autonomic regulation. Boys were more sensitive to the influence of this environmental factor. Their pattern of seasonal variability in total power (TP) of the HR variability spectrum was reversed compared to that of children who did not use computers at school; i.e., higher TP values were observed in spring. In grade 4, the process was accompanied by an increase in spontaneous arterial baroreflex sensitivity and a decrease in the relative power of the LF range in the variability spectrum of systolic BP. The changes were assumed to reflect the adaptive response to changes in educational environment.

The study of the completeness of the removal of the detergents from children's clothes by the amount of anionic surfactants in wastewater

Objective: We determined a safety level of the agents by the residual amount of the anionic surfactants in wastewater from the objects after their washing with the agents for the treatment of children's products. Materials and methods: 16 detergents for children's clothes washing were purchased at the supermarkets of Kyiv. In our study we applied sanitary-and-chemical research methods: express method for the assessment of the anionic surfactants on the clothes fabrics; an extraction-photometric method for the determination of the the residual amount of the main active substances of the anionic surfactants in the experimental sample. Results: The analysis of the results shows that there is a significant difference in the surfactant amount in the wastewater after washing with powder and liquid detergents based on the synthetic anionic surfactants and natural soap. Therefore, the anionic surfactants are rinsing best of all from the clothes washed with the detergents based on natural soaps (Soaps “Droog”, “Clean & White”, “Kroha”). After washing of the children's clothes with powder and liquid detergents for automatic washing based on synthetic anionic surfactants, the residual amount of the anionic surfactants on the fabrics exceeds the accepted hygienic standard. Conclusions: It has been discovered that even after repeated rinsing, the fabrics, treated with washing powder and liquid detergents, contain the residual amount of the anionic surfactants that exceeds normative parameters (8 of 13 investigated detergents based on the anionic surfactants) by 2-3 times. Taking into account a specificity of children’s functional skin state, especially the incompletely formed multistage protection system, it is recommended to use the detergents based on natural soap and products containing less than 5% of the surfactants for washing of the clothes of the children aged 0 to 6 years.

PEMBUATAN PIRANTI “URUP-URIP” PENYINARAN UV BERTENAGA SURYA: UPAYA STERILISASI BAKTERI PADA HASIL PANEN TANAMAN SAYUR DI CIANJUR, JAWA BARAT

<p>The problems generally faced by farmers are that vegetables easily rotting due to delayed selling time and higher hygienic standard of vegetables. Based on an interview, we acknowledge that the farmers are unable to understand the utilization of ultraviolet irradiation technology. UV irradiation facilities - which help kills various types of bacteria, spores, protozoan viruses and algae - should be placed near vegetable harvest location. The physical part of vegetables requires special attention and they should not be moved on a regular basis to prevent damages. However, the harvest location is quite distant from electricity sources. As a solution to overcome this problem, a solar powered UV irrayer facility equipped with a portable bag is required. Besides that, the tool should be fitted with branded plastic casings to hold the vegetable to improve selling value, safety, and readiness of the vegetables. The objective of the utilization of this appropriate technology is to improve the quality of the harvested crops. Vegetables will be free from bacteria and risks of Covid-19 exposures. The target of this program is to improve vegetable selling sales rate and to improve the prosperity of the farmers better, or at least as high as pre-pandemic era. The method used to procure this appropriate technology is a design thinking method that covers empathy, define, ideate, prototype, and testing. The implementation of the counseling and training activities were conducted on-line and off-line whilst also applying a strict health protocol. The activity was conducted for 4 months.</p>

REVISION OF MAC IN THE AIR OF THE WORKING AREA OF TEREPHTHALIC ACID

The results of our own and foreign studies have shown the absence of sensitizing properties of terephthalic acid, and therefore there was a need to review the current hygienic standard – MAC – in the air of the working area and change the hazard class of the substance. The materials of the German Research Community (DFG) were used for substantiation of MAC. Recommended MAC in the air of working area is set at 5 mg/m3 (maximum single), a mixture of vapors and aerosol, hazard class 3.

INFLUENCE OF HEMOLITOTROPHIC MICROBIOTA ON THE EFFICIENCY OF ANTICORROSIVE TREATMENT OF STEEL PIPELINES WITH ORTHO-POLYPHOSPHATE REAGENTS ON THE EXAMPLE OF “SEA QUEST LIQUID”

It is noted that the overwhelming majority of water supply systems operating in Ukraine are made of steel or cast iron, which are subject to corrosion. It has been established that/ one of the ways to reduce the corrosiveness of drinking water is the use of an orthopolyphosphate preparation “SeaQuest Liquid” (TU U 20.5-V 0502222-001:2017). The results of studies of the effect of the “SeaQuest Liquid” preparation on organoleptic and physicochemical indicators of drinking water are presented. It was determined that the treatment of tap drinking water with the “SeaQuest Liquid” preparation does not affect organoleptic indicators, the average levels of which practically did not undergo significant changes during 5 months of observation and were within the hygienic standards. In water samples, the levels of substances that make up the “SeaQuest Liquid” preparation (polyphosphates, orthophosphates) were within the normative values. The quality of water treated with the “SeaQuest Liquid” orthophosphate preparation, according to the main sanitary and chemical indicators, except for iron, meets the requirements of the hygienic standards DSanPiN 2.2.4.171-10. In some water samples, the iron content in water exceeded the hygienic standard (0.2 mg/dm3) and went beyond the maximum permissible level (1.0 mg/dm3). Under the action of “SeaQuest Liquid” in water treated with sodium hypochlorite, a decrease in the Langelier index was observed: from -2,23 to -2,08 and from -1,79 to -1,70, which indicates a decrease in its corrosivity. In water untreated with sodium hypochlorite under the influence of the “SeaQuest Liquid” preparation, a slight increase in the Langelier index was observed: from -1,80 to -1,95 and from -1,85 to -2,78, from -2,01 to -2,13, which indicates an increase in its corrosiveness. In the presence of sulphate-reducing and thiobacteria in water, the “SeaQuest Liquid” preparation increases the corrosion rate of steel by 2,9-7,2 times; subject to additional disinfection of water with sodium hypochlorite, it reduces this indicator by 1,4-2,7 times.

The quality of drinking water supply in Samara

The purpose of the study was to monitor the quality of drinking water supply in Samara. The quality of drinking water was evaluated in 7 districts of Samara on the basis of 20 sanitary-chemical indicators in accordance with health and safety norms and regulations (SanPiN 2.1.4.107401 20102013 and 20182019). A changed color of drinking water was mainly observed in the areas with water supply from the Saratov reservoir (53,5 8,5% of samples). In the areas with underground water sources the dry residue and hardness of drinking water exceeded hygiene requirements by 100% and 87,5% of samples respectively. 64% of samples in 20102013 and 17,4% of samples in 20182019 were non-standard in terms of permanganate oxidation. Several samples didnt meet the hygienic standard for iron content. Adverse changes in the temporal dynamics of the proportion of samples that didnt meet the hygienic standard for the content of oil products were noted. The quality of some samples of drinking water in Samara did not meet sanitary requirements for some indicators. No significant differences were found between the average long-term values of sanitary and hygienic indicators for urban areas and the obtained data for drinking water in the new housing estate, which suggests that the condition of the water supply pipes doesnt influence the composition of the drinking water in the yard or at home.

MORPHOFUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF KIDNEYS IN RATS DRINKING LIMEWATER

Long-term consumption of drinking water with an increased concentration of vital trace elements Ca2+ and Mg2+ causes changes in osmo- and ion-regulating kidney functions. However, the mechanism of such changes is not entirely clear. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of water with an increased Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentration on kidney morphology in rats. Materials and Methods. Long-term experiments were carried out on 5 control groups of Wistar rats weighing 200–250 gr (n=110) and 4 experimental groups, which had been drinking water with different Ca2+ and Mg2+concentration for 6 months. In control groups, drinking water corresponded to sanitation and hygiene standards and contained 20 mg/dm3 of Ca2+ and 7 mg/dm3 of Mg2+; in experimental group 1, Ca2+concentration was 60 mg/dm3, and in experimental group 3 Мg2+ concentration was 35 mg/dm3, which corresponded to the hygienic standard; Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentration in groups 2 and 4 were equal to 120 mg/dm3 and 70 mg/dm3, respectively, which corresponded to the upper limit of the hygienic standard. Ca2+concentration in groups 3 and 4 and Mg2+ concentration in groups 1 and 2 corresponded to sanitation and hygiene standards. On the 182nd day of observation, animals of all groups were removed from the experiment and their kidneys were taken for morphological analysis. Kidney samples were fixed in a 10% solution of neutral formalin (C3H7OH) for 4–7 days. The general morphological picture was studied on hematoxylin and eosin-stained survey samples. Results. The greatest changes in the renal glomerulus structure were observed in experimental groups 2 and 4. The authors observed a significant increase in the renal corpuscle area and a decrease in the urinary space area in comparison with the control. Red cell adherence in the glomerular capillaries could be explained by the loss of negative charge by proteoglycans of the red cells glycocalyx under the influence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ cations. In group 1 and group 2 kidney samples, the described morphological signs were minimal and did not differ significantly from the control. Conclusion. Consumption of drinking water with a high concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ leads to structural changes in the renal corpuscle and can cause impairments in the osmo- and ion-regulating kidney functions. Keywords: kidney, morphology, magnesium, calcium, hardness, drinking water, rat. Длительное потребление питьевой воды с повышенным содержанием витальных микроэлементов Ca2+ и Mg2+ вызывает изменение осмо- и ионорегулирующей функций почек. Однако механизм этих изменений не совсем понятен. Цель исследования – оценить влияние воды с повышенным содержанием Ca2+ и Mg2+ на морфологию почек крыс. Материалы и методы. Хронические эксперименты выполнены на 5 группах крыс линии Wistar массой 200–250 г (n=110) – контрольной и 4 экспериментальных, которые в течение 6 мес. получали питьевую воду с различным содержанием Ca2+ и Mg2+. В контрольной группе питьевая вода соответствовала санитарно-гигиеническим нормам и содержала 20 мг/дм3 Са2+ и 7 мг/дм3 Мg2+; в 1-й экспериментальной группе концентрация Са2+ составляла 60 мг/дм3, а в 3-й – магния 35 мг/дм3, что соответствовало оптимальной гигиенической норме; концентрация Са2+ и Мg2+ во 2-й и 4-й группах были равны 120 мг/дм3 и 70 мг/дм3 соответственно, что отражало верхнюю границу допустимой гигиенической нормы. Концентрации Са2+ в 3-й и 4-й группах и Мg2+ в 1-й и 2-й группах соответствовали санитарно-гигиеническим нормам. На 182-е сут наблюдения животных всех групп выводили из эксперимента и забирали почки для проведения морфологического анализа. Образцы данного органа фиксировали в 10 % растворе нейтрального формалина (C3H7OH) в течение 4–7 сут. Изучение общей морфологической картины осуществляли на обзорных препаратах, окрашенных гематоксилином Бемера и эозином. Результаты. Наибольшие изменения в структуре почечного клубочка наблюдались у крыс 2-й и 4-й экспериментальных групп. Обнаружено достоверное увеличение площади почечных телец и уменьшение площади мочевого пространства по сравнению с контрольными образцами. Наличие признаков сладж-феномена эритроцитов в капиллярах клубочка может объясняться потерей отрицательного заряда протеогликанами гликокаликса эритроцитов под влиянием катионов Са2+ и Мg2+. В образцах почек крыс 1-й и 3-й групп описанные морфологические признаки были минимальными и достоверно не отличались от контроля. Выводы. В условиях потребления питьевой воды с избыточным содержанием Са2+ и Мg2+ происходит изменение структуры почечного тельца, что может привести к нарушениям осмо- и ионорегулирующей функций почек. Ключевые слова: почка, морфология, магний, кальций, жесткость, питьевая вода, крыса.