PO4 release at the sediment surface under anoxic conditions: a contribution to the eutrophication of the Baltic Sea?**This study was supported by the Monitoring Programme of the Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde, Germany, and it is a contribution to the BONUS Baltic-C Project funded by the German Ministry for Science and Technology under FKZ 03F0486A.

Urban sewage water pathways seem most important for microplastics emissions to the Baltic Sea. We use microplastics emission data for the entire Baltic Sea region, calculate emissions for three sewage water related urban pathways and develop emission scenarios for the majority of microplastics particles. All plastics are divided into potentially floating (density 0.8–1.0 g/cmł) and sinking (1.1–1.5 g/cmł) polymers and we address the size class of 20–500 μm. 6.7 × 1013 microplastics particles enter the Baltic Sea annually from urban pathways. 62% result from stormwater runoff including sewer overflow, 25% from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and 13% from untreated wastewater. The emission scenarios serve as input for 3D-model simulations, which allow estimating transport, behaviour and deposition in the Baltic Sea environment. Our model approach suggests average annual microplastics concentrations in the water body of the central Baltic Sea of 1–4 particles/m2 sea surface and 1 particle/m3 in the upper 2 m sea surface layer. The majority of the particles is accumulated in upper sea surface layers. The model suggests that only between 6% (Arcona Basin) and 21% (Gotland Basin) of the particles are below a depth of 25 m. In coastal waters, the concentrations can exceed 10 particles/m3 in the upper 2 m surface water layer (e.g., Gulf of Riga, Gulf of Gdańsk) and 1 particle/m2 on the sediment surface. Usually within weeks, emitted microplastics are washed ashore causing annual coastal accumulations of up to 109 particles/m coastline within a few kilometres distance to emission sources. On average, above 106 particles/m are annually accumulated and trapped at coasts around the Baltic Sea. The reduction of the annual sewer overflow from presently 1.5% of the annual wastewater loads to 0.3% would reduce the total emissions to the Baltic Sea by 50%. If all sewage water would be connected to WWTPs and undergo a tertiary treatment, a reduction of 14.5% of the total emissions could be achieved. The effect of retention in rivers seems limited in the Baltic Sea region, because near coast emissions contribute around 50% of the total microplastics emissions.

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Iron–manganese concretions contribute to benthic release of phosphorus and arsenic in anoxic conditions in the Baltic Sea

Journal of Soils and Sediments ◽

10.1007/s11368-016-1426-1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 16 (8) ◽

pp. 2138-2152 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Pirjo Yli-Hemminki ◽

Timo Sara-Aho ◽

Kirsten S. Jørgensen ◽

Jouni Lehtoranta

Keyword(s):

Baltic Sea ◽

The Baltic Sea ◽

Anoxic Conditions ◽

The Baltic ◽

Iron Manganese

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Processes regulating pCO2 in the surface waters of the central eastern Gotland Sea: a model study**The German section of the Baltic Monitoring Programme (COMBINE) in the Baltic Sea is conducted by the IOW on behalf of the Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie (BSH), financed by the Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau- und Wohnungswesen (BMCBW). This work was funded by DFG grant: NE G17/3-1 and the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007–2013) under grant agreement 217246 made with the joint Baltic Sea research and development programme BONUS (ECOSUPPORT).

Oceanologia ◽

10.5697/oc.53-3.745 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 53 (3) ◽

pp. 745-770 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Ivan Kuznetsov ◽

Thomas Neumann ◽

Bernd Schneider ◽

Evgeniy Yakushev

Keyword(s):

Research And Development ◽

Baltic Sea ◽

Surface Waters ◽

Development Programme ◽

Monitoring Programme ◽

Framework Programme ◽

The Baltic Sea ◽

Model Study ◽

Seventh Framework Programme ◽

The Baltic

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Suboxic and anoxic conditions in the Gdansk basins’ deep water (the Baltic sea)

Океанология ◽

10.31857/s0030-1574595714-723 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 59 (5) ◽

pp. 714-723

Author(s):

K. V. Artamonova ◽

A. N. Demidov ◽

O. A. Zuev

Keyword(s):

Dissolved Oxygen ◽

Baltic Sea ◽

Oxygen Concentration ◽

Deep Water ◽

Hydrogen Sulphide ◽

Bottom Layer ◽

Oxygen Distribution ◽

The Baltic Sea ◽

Anoxic Conditions ◽

The Baltic

Variability of oxygen and hydrogen sulphide concentrations in the Gdansk basins deep water of the Baltic Sea for the last 25 years was analyzed. It was shown that suboxic and anoxic conditions in deep water were mainly determined by Baltic inflow frequency and intensity. Oxygen concentration in the bottom layer of the Gdansk basins increased strongly in 13 months after Major Baltic Inflow events (MBI). There were three periods of strong increasing of dissolve oxygen concentration in deep water since 1992 till 2018 after MBI in 1993, in 2003 and 20142016. It was shown that at the bottom of the Gdansk basins hydrogen sulphide was detected during 79 months till 22.5 years after MBI. Quality evaluation of dissolved oxygen distribution reanalysis was also conducted in this work. It can be noted good reproduction of field data by the reanalysis in its quality part; however, in most cases the observable maximum concentrations in dissolved oxygen distribution are understated, sometimes even several times.

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Collaborative sampling trial in the context of quality assurance in the German marine monitoring programme for the North Sea and the Baltic Sea

Accreditation and Quality Assurance ◽

10.1007/s00769-007-0350-x ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 101-107 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Michael Gluschke

Keyword(s):

Quality Assurance ◽

Baltic Sea ◽

North Sea ◽

Monitoring Programme ◽

The Baltic Sea ◽

Marine Monitoring ◽

The North ◽

The North Sea ◽

The Baltic

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Early diagenesis in benthic foraminifera under anoxic conditions from the Landsort Deep, Baltic Sea (IODP Site M0063)

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-8653 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sha Ni ◽

Nadine Quintana Krupinski ◽

Jeroen Groeneveld ◽

Karen Luise Knudsen ◽

Per Persson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Baltic Sea ◽

Trace Element ◽

Environmental Conditions ◽

Pore Waters ◽

The Baltic Sea ◽

Authigenic Carbonates ◽

Anoxic Conditions ◽

Diagenetic Alteration ◽

Carbonate Formation ◽

The Baltic

The chemical composition of foraminiferal calcite is widely used for studying past environmental conditions and biogeochemistry. However, high rate of microbial-derived organic matter degradation and abundant dissolved metal sources in sediment and pore waters may impede the application of paleoenvironmental proxies due to formation of secondary carbonates on the outside and/or inside of foraminiferal tests. Secondary carbonate precipitation severely alters the foraminiferal geochemistry and can be difficult to eliminate through standard cleaning procedures for foraminiferal trace element analyses. Here we present results of the mineral composition and formation sequence of diagenetic coatings on the tests of foraminifera formed under extreme anoxic conditions in the Baltic Sea deepest basin (the Landsort Deep, IODP Exp. 347, Site M0063), as well as changing trace element concentrations of authigenic carbonates on the test on a millennial time-scale. The focus is on the diagenetic carbonates present on the tests of the low-oxygen tolerant benthic foraminiferal species Elphidium selseyensis and Elphidium clavatum. We applied geochemical and imaging methods by using scanning electron microscope imaging (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), synchrotron-based x-ray fluorescence microscopy (nano-XRF), RAMAN spectroscopy and laser ablation (LA)-ICP-MS, in order to ascertain the sedimentary diagenetic processes, and the foraminiferal authigenic mineral formation sequence. The authigenic carbonates were enriched in Mg, Mn, Fe and Ba, depending on the redox environmental conditions when the authigenic carbonates were precipitated. In particular, concentrations of redox-sensitive elements such as Mn and Fe were increased in bottom waters and sedimentary pore waters under oxygen-depleted conditions in the Landsort Deep, which resulted in Mn- and Fe-enriched carbonate formation. The diagenetic alteration on foraminiferal tests provides potential opportunity to investigate past sedimentary redox environment and primary productivity in the Baltic Sea.

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