Arsenic Content in Smokeless Tobacco Products Consumed by the Population of Pakistan: Related Health Risk

2014 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 1662-1669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadaf Sadia Arain ◽  
Tasneem Gul Kazi ◽  
Hassan Imran Afridi ◽  
Kapil Dev Brahman ◽  
Naeemullah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Scalp Hair ◽  
Certified Reference Materials ◽  
Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Arsenic Content ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Hair Samples ◽  
Moist Snuff

Abstract Extensive investigation has shown that smokeless tobacco (SLT) may cause inflammation of the oral cavity. In this study, the concentration of arsenic (As) was determined in SLT products (gutkha, mainpuri, and dry and moist snuff). Scalp hair samples of males aged 20–30 years who consumed different types of SLT products available in Pakistan were analyzed for As contents. Total As in different SLT products and in scalp hair was determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry after microwave-assisted extraction. The validity of the methodology was tested by simultaneously analyzing certified reference materials and spike recovery studies. The range of As concentrations in moist snuff, dry snuff, gutkha, and mainpuri were 0.574–1.53, 0.642–1.07, 0.246–0.622, and 0.419–0.874 μg/g, respectively. We estimated that a daily intake of 10 g of all SLT products could contribute 2.0–12.2% of the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake for As in adults. The As concentration in scalp hair of SLT consumers was higher than that of referents who had not consumed any type of tobacco products.

scholarly journals Determination of Arsenic in Scalp Hair Samples from Exposed Subjects Using Microwave-Assisted Digestion With and Without Enrichment Based on Cloud Point Extraction by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

2011 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 293-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tasneem Gul Kazi ◽  
Jameel Ahmad Baig ◽  
Abdul Qadir Shah ◽  
Ghulam Abbas Kandhro ◽  
Sumaira Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Cloud Point Extraction ◽  
Scalp Hair ◽  
Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Hair Samples ◽  
Triton X ◽  
Microwave Assisted Digestion

Abstract A simple and rapid cloud point extraction (CPE) procedure was applied for preconcentration of trace quantities of arsenic (As) in scalp hair samples. The samples were subjected to microwave-assisted digestion in a mixture of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide (2 + 1, v/v) prior to preconcentration by CPE. The As in digested samples was complexed with ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC), and the resultant As-PDC complex was extracted by a nonionic surfactant, octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol (Triton X-114). After centrifugation, the surfactant-rich phase was diluted with 0.1 M HNO3 in methanol and analyzed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The experimental parameters, i.e., amount of APDC, concentration of Triton X-114, equilibrium temperature and time, were optimized. For validation of the proposed method, a certified reference material (CRM) of human hair (BCR 397) was used. No significant difference (P>0.05) was observed between the experimental results and certified values of the CRM (paired t-test). The LOD and LOQ obtained under the optimal conditions were 0.025 and 0.083 μg/kg, respectively. The developed method was applied for the determination of As in scalp hair samples from male and female subjects of two villages of Khairpur Mir's, Pakistan.

scholarly journals Determination of Chromium in Biological Material by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Method

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Nawrocka ◽  
Józef Szkoda
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Certified Reference Materials ◽  
Graphite Furnace ◽  
Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Magnesium Nitrate ◽  
Spectrometry Method ◽  
Total Chromium

Abstract Procedure for determination of chromium in biological materials by Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry method using a Perkin-Elmer spectrometer equipped with hollow-cathode lamp at 357.9 nm was developed. The samples of animal tissues, food, and feed were digested in muffle furnace at 450ºC. The ash was dissolved in 1 N hydrochloric acid and the final solution was diluted in 0.2% nitric acid. Magnesium nitrate (1%) was used as a matrix modifier. The method was validated in terms of basic analytical parameters. The mean recoveries of chromium was 84.4% for muscle, 79.0% for canned meat, and 80.2% for feed, and analytical detection limit was 0.003 μg/g. Certified reference materials were used for analytical quality assurance. The proposed analytical procedure is well adapted for monitoring chromium content in food and feedstuffs. Content of total chromium in the tested samples (animal muscles and liver) was low and was situated in the range of 0.031-0.101 mg/kg (muscles) and 0.047-0.052 mg/kg (liver).

Evaluation of arsenic, cobalt, copper and manganese in biological Samples of Steel mill workers by electrothermal atomic absorption Spectrometry

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
HI Afridi ◽  
TG Kazi ◽  
NG Kazi ◽  
MK Jamali ◽  
MB Arain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Biological Samples ◽  
Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Acid Digestion ◽  
Steel Mill ◽  
Hair Samples

The determination of trace and toxic elements in biological samples (blood, urine and scalp hair samples) of human beings is an important clinical test. The aim of our present study was to determine the concentration of arsenic (As), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co) and manganese (Mn), in biological samples of male production workers (PW) and quality control workers (QW) of steel mill, with aged 25–55 years, to assess the possible influence of environmental exposure. For comparison purpose, the same biological samples of unexposed healthy males of same age group were collected as control subjects. The determination of all elements in biological samples was carried out by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, prior to microwave assisted acid digestion. The accuracy of the As, Cu, Co and Mn measurements was tested by simultaneously analyzing certified reference materials (CRMs) and for comparative purposes conventional wet acid digestion method was used on the same CRMs. No significant differences were observed between the analytical results and the certified values, using both methods (paired t-test at P > 0.05). The results indicate that concentrations of As, Cu, Co and Mn in all three biological samples of the exposed workers (QW and PW) were significantly higher than those of the controls. The possible correlation of these elements with the etiology of different physiological disorders is discussed. The results were also demonstrated the need of attention for improvements in workplace, ventilation and industrial hygiene practices.

scholarly journals Estimate of Uncertainty of Measurement from a Single-Laboratory Validation Study: Application to the Determination of Lead in Blood

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 1396-1405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Patriarca ◽  
Marco Castelli ◽  
Federica Corsetti ◽  
Antonio Menditto
Keyword(s):  
Reference Materials ◽  
Certified Reference Materials ◽  
Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Environmental Pollutant ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Lead In Blood ◽  
Method Performance ◽  
Target Values

Abstract Background: Lead is an environmental pollutant, and human exposure is assessed by monitoring lead concentrations in blood. Because the main source of environmental exposure has been the use of leaded gasoline, its phase-out has led to decreased lead concentrations in the general population. Therefore, validated analytical methods for the determination of lower lead concentrations in blood (<150 μg/L) are needed. In addition, new ISO standards require that laboratories determine and specify the uncertainty of their results. Methods: We validated a method to determine lead in blood at concentrations up to 150 μg/L by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman background correction according to EURACHEM guidelines. Blood samples were diluted (1:1 by volume) with 2 mL/L Triton X-100. NH4H2PO4 (5 g/L) and Mg(NO3)2 (0.5 g/L) were used as modifiers. Matrix-matched standards were used for calibration. Results: We determined the limits of detection (3.1 μg/L) and quantification (9.4 μg/L). Repeatability and intermediate imprecision within the range 35–150 μg/L were <5.5% and <6.0%, respectively. We assessed trueness by use of certified reference materials, by recovery tests, and by comparison with target values of other reference materials (candidate external quality assessment samples). The expanded uncertainty ranged from 20% to 16% (with a confidence level of 95%) depending on concentration. Conclusions: This study provides a working example of the estimate of uncertainty from method performance data according to the EURACHEM/CITAC guidelines. The estimated uncertainty is compatible with quality specifications for the analysis of lead in blood adopted in the US and the European Union.

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