The Impact of Recent Macro and Labor Market Policies on Job Creation in Egypt

2008 ◽  
pp. 179-200
Author(s):  
Hanaa Kheir-El-Din
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Job Creation ◽  
Labor Market Policies ◽  
The Impact

Forecasting the Impact of Automation on Jobs

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-40
Author(s):  
Cynthia Estlund
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Job Creation ◽  
Job Destruction ◽  
Advanced Education ◽  
Comparative Advantages ◽  
Human Skills ◽  
Minority View ◽  
The Impact

Chapter 2 digs more deeply into the outlook for job destruction and job creation, and adds some theory and data to Chapter 1’s anecdotes about how machines can replace human workers. It reports an emerging consensus among leading scholars that automation is already contributing to the polarization, or hollowing out, of the labor market by destroying more middle-skill jobs than it is creating. And it reports on the more concerning prediction—still a minority view though more than plausible—that machines are destined to produce overall net job losses as they continually whittle away at humans’ comparative advantages. The chapter arrives at a working premise for the rest of the book that straddles those two forecasts: We are facing a future of less work—at least less work for those with ordinary human skills and without advanced education, and perhaps less work overall. While that straddle might seem untenable, either forecast is similarly bleak for most workers—if we do not respond constructively; and when it comes to the shape of a constructive response, both forecasts point largely in the same direction.

scholarly journals A Welfare Economic Analysis of Labor Market Policies in the Harris-Todaro Model

2018 ◽  
pp. 343-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary S. Fields
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Job Creation ◽  
Welfare Economic ◽  
Market Model ◽  
Modern Sector ◽  
Labor Earnings ◽  
Labor Market Policies ◽  
Total Labor ◽  
Economic Analyses

This chapter presents a welfare economic analysis of the benefits of various labor market policies in the Harris-Todaro labor market model. The policies considered are a policy of modern sector job creation, called modern sector enlargement (MSENL); a policy of rural development, called traditional sector enrichment (TSENR); and a policy of wage limitation in the urban economy, called modern sector wage restraint (MSWR). First, the inequality effects of these policies are analyzed. Then two welfare economic analyses are performed, the first based on summary measures of labor market conditions (total labor earnings, unemployment, inequality of labor incomes, and poverty rates) and the second based on dominance analysis in the labor market, in both cases assuming that the costs are borne elsewhere. The results of the welfare analyses are compared, and it is shown that TSENR unambiguously increases welfare in the labor market using both approaches, the other policies yield ambiguous results, and no policy is unambiguously welfare-decreasing.

scholarly journals Falling Labor Share and Rising Unemployment: Long-Run Consequences of Institutional Shocks?

2002 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norbert Berthold ◽  
Rainer Rainer ◽  
Eric Thode
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Capital Stock ◽  
Job Creation ◽  
Capital Formation ◽  
Labor Share ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The literature on unemployment has mostly focused on labor market issues while the impact of capital formation is largely neglected. Job creation is often thought to be a matter of encouraging more employment on a given capital stock. In contrast, this paper explicitly deals with the long-run consequences of institutional shocks on capital formation and employment. It is shown that the usual tradeoff between employment and wages disappears in the long run. In line with an appropriation model, the estimated values for the long-run elasticities of substitution between capital and labor for Germany and France are substantially greater than one.

scholarly journals Adverse Employment Histories and Later Health Functioning: European Findings Based on Life Histories From SHARE and ELSA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 560-560
Author(s):  
Christian Deindl ◽  
Morten Wahrendorf
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Early Career ◽  
Health Functioning ◽  
Labor Market Policies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
National Labor Market ◽  
Employment Histories

Abstract We investigate associations between adverse employment histories over time and health functioning in later life, and explore moderation by national labor market policies. Harmonized life history data come from two studies, SHARE and ELSA, with health beyond age 50 (men= 11,621; women= 10,999). Adverse employment histories consist of precarious, discontinued and disadvantaged careers between age 25 and 50, and we use depressive symptoms, grip strength and verbal memory as outcomes. Adverse employment histories are associated with poor health functioning later in life, especially repeated periods of unemployment, involuntary job losses, weak labor market ties and disadvantaged occupational positions. We find no variations of the associations by national labor market policies. Our study highlights the need to improve working conditions at early career stages. Despite the importance in shaping employment histories, the role of national policies in modifying the impact of employment on health is less clear.

Making markets with active labor market policies: the influence of political parties, welfare state regimes, and economic change on spending on different types of policies

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moira Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Job Creation ◽  
Democratic Regime ◽  
Labor Market Policies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Active Labor ◽  
Active Labor Market Policies ◽  
Welfare State Regimes ◽  
Active Labor Market

Active labor market policies consist of a diverse set of policy tools with which to address joblessness and the degree to which governments invest in various policies as a response to rising unemployment varies widely. Fleshing out the determinants by policy type holds the promise of illuminating more clearly contestation over activation. To this end, this study analyzes the role of partisanship as well as welfare state regimes and the economy on spending patterns. We begin by detailing a theoretical framework for understanding variation in active labor market policies. Bonoli categorizes active labor market policies according to their market orientation and emphasis on human capital investment. In a study of social service reforms, Gingrich explains how all parties employ market-based reforms to empower some groups over others. These theories are then used to derive partisan hypotheses for direct job creation, training, labor market services, and employment incentives. Hypotheses for the four main types of active labor market policies are tested with regression analysis of 22 countries between 1985 and 2008. High spending on direct job creation, a non-market oriented policy type, is marginally significantly higher in the social democratic regime and by left governments prior to the activation turn. Left parties spend significantly more than other parties on training policies and after the activation turn these policies also become a distinct feature of the social democratic welfare state regime. The same trend exists for employment incentives. Center-right parties and those within the Christian democratic regime also spend marginally significantly higher on training policies before the activation turn, which is explained by results for deindustrialization. No partisan or regime effects are found for labor market services, which supports the view that all countries rely on these policies. The literature also suggests that a composite measure masks political conflict since this policy type encompasses diverse policies.

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