Die Auflösung der Städte

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Unlimited Variety ◽  
New Settlements ◽  
Fourth Book

From the summer of 1918 Bruno Taut had been collecting political and, above all, socialist texts. He prepared excerpts from essays on urban and land issues in such a way that, together with 30 handwritten drawings, they describe the earth's surface as a "good dwelling" for everyone. In his opinion, the prerequisite for this was the elimination of all cities and states. Taut's aim was to show the consequences of an even distribution of people under the conditions of a need arising from the inner necessity of each individual. The book should enable its readers to reflect “on what has to be considered in the present when building new settlements. Their unlimited variety of shapes could almost be called vegetable and organic. “The Dissolution of Cities”, published in August 1920, was Bruno Taut's fourth book of utopian architectural visions after “Die Stadtkrone” (1917/1919), “Alpine Architecture” (1918 / February 1920), and “Der Weltbaumeister” (June 1920).

The Nile Delta during the Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom periods. Preliminary remarks on the evolution of settlement landscape

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-61
Author(s):  
Natalia Małecka-Drozd
Keyword(s):  
Nile Delta ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
The Other ◽  
Old Kingdom ◽  
The Third ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Early Dynastic ◽  
Territorial Structure ◽  
Settlement Landscape ◽  
New Settlements

The 3rd millennium BC appears to be a key period of development of the historical settlement landscape in ancient Egypt. After the unification of the country, the process of disappearance of the predynastic socio-political structures and settlement patterns associated with them significantly accelerated. Old chiefdoms, along with their centres and elites, declined and vanished. On the other hand, new settlements emerging in various parts of the country were often strictly related to the central authorities and formation of the new territorial administration. Not negligible were climatic changes, which influenced the shifting of the ecumene. Although these changes were evolutionary in their nature, some important stages may be recognized. According to data obtained during surveys and excavations, there are a number of sites that were considerably impoverished and/or abandoned before and at the beginning of the Old Kingdom. On the other hand, during the Third and Fourth Dynasties some important Egyptian settlements have emerged in the sources and begun their prosperity. Architectural remains as well as written sources indicate the growing interest of the state in the hierarchy of landscape elements and territorial structure of the country.

Evolution of groundwater chemistry on shallow aquifer of Yogyakarta City urban area

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Doni Prakasa Eka Putra
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Unconfined Aquifer ◽  
Groundwater Chemistry ◽  
Shallow Aquifer ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
New Business ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
A Minor ◽  
New Settlements ◽  
Yogyakarta City

Since 1980s, accelerated by urbanization, Yogyakarta City was shifting to many directions defined by main road networks and service centres. Urbanization has transformed rural dwellings to become urban settlements and generated urban agglomeration area. Until now, new business centres, education centres and tourism centres are growing hand in hand with new settlements (formal or informal) without proper provision of water supply and sanitation system. This condition increase the possibility of groundwater contamination from urban wastewater and a change of major chemistry of groundwater as shallow unconfined aquifer is lying under Yogyakarta City. To prove the evolution of groundwater chemistry, old data taken on 1980s were comparing with the recent groundwater chemistry data. The evaluation shows that nitrate content of groundwater in 1980s was a minor anion, but nowadays become a major anion, especially in the shallow groundwater in the centre of Yogyakarta City. This evidence shows that there is an evolution of groundwater chemistry in shallow groundwater below Yogyakarta City due to contamination from un-proper on-site sanitation system. Keywords: Urbanization, Yogyakarta city, rural dwellings, settlements, agglomeration, contamination, groundwater

Propertius, Greek Myth, and Virgil

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Heslin
Keyword(s):  
Near Neighbour ◽  
Greek Myth ◽  
Relative Dating ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
The Military ◽  
Working Out ◽  
Fourth Book

This book develops a new interpretation of Propertius’ use of Greek myth and of his relationship to Virgil, working out the implications of a revised relative dating of the two poets’ early works. It begins by examining from an intertextual perspective all of the mythological references in the first book of Propertius. Mythological allegory emerges as the vehicle for a polemic against Virgil over the question of which of them would be the standard-bearer for Alexandrian poetry at Rome. Virgil began the debate with elegy by creating a quasi-mythological figure out of Cornelius Gallus, and Propertius responded in kind: his Milanion, Hylas and several of his own Galluses respond primarily to Virgil’s Gallus. In the Georgics, Virgil’s Aristaeus and Orpheus are, in part, a response to Propertius; Propertius then responds in his second book via his own conception of Orpheus and Adonis. The polemic then took a different direction, in the light of Virgil’s announcement of his intention to write an epic for Octavian. Virgilian pastoral was no longer the antithesis of elegy, but its near neighbour. Propertius critiqued Virgil’s turn to epic in mythological terms throughout his second book, while also developing a new line of attack. Beginning in his second book and intensifying in his third, Propertius insinuated that Virgil’s epic in progress would turn out to be a tedious neo-Ennian annalistic epic on the military exploits of Augustus. In his fourth book, Propertius finally acknowledged the published Aeneid as a masterpiece; but by then Virgil’s death had brought an end to the fierce rivalry that had shaped Propertius’ career as a poet.

scholarly journals A long-lasting emerging epidemic of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in southeastern Iran: population movement and peri-urban settlements as a major risk factor

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Taiebeh Karimi ◽  
Iraj Sharifi ◽  
Mohammad Reza Aflatoonian ◽  
Behnaz Aflatoonian ◽  
Mohammad Ali Mohammadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Smear Microscopy ◽  
Case Report Form ◽  
Average Risk ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Kerman City ◽  
New Settlements

Abstract Background Epidemics of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) are occurring more frequently and spreading faster and farther than before in many areas of the world. The present study aimed to assess a long-lasting emerging epidemic (2005–2019) of 5532 cases with anthroponotic CL (ACL) in peri-urban areas of Kerman city in southeastern Iran. Methods This descriptive-analytical study was carried out for 15 years in Kerman province, southeastern Iran. The data were passively obtained through the health surveillance system and the Kerman Leishmaniasis Research Center. Every subject was diagnosed using direct smear microscopy. The representative causative agent was further examined by ITS1-PCR, PCR-RFLP, 7SL RNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. For each subject, a case report form designating demographic and clinical data was recorded. Results A different pattern of ACL incidence was found in peri-urban areas compared to that in the city of Kerman. The incidence rate of ACL cases has significantly increased (P < 0.001) from 2005 to 2016 in new settlements with a gradual decline after that. The overall average risk of contracting the disease was 7.6 times higher in peri-urban areas compared to Kerman city, an old endemic focus. All isolates consisting of six variants were confirmed to be Leishmania tropica. The overall pattern of the ACL infection indicates that the etiological agent of ACL is propagated and transmitted by the bite of female Phlebotomus sergenti sandflies from person to person from dissimilar clones as reflected by the complexity of the migrants’ backgrounds in the province. Conclusions The movement of populations and establishment of new settlements in peri-urban areas close to endemic areas are major risk factors for and are directly linked to CL. The underlying factors of this emerging ACL epidemic caused by L. tropica were disasters and droughts, among others. A robust commitment to a multilateral approach is crucial to make improvements in this area. This will require decisive coordinated actions through all governmental factions and non-governmental organizations. Furthermore, active and passive case detection strategies, early diagnosis, and effective treatment could help control the disease.

scholarly journals Revising the Supernatural: Prospero Lambertini's Reconsideration of the Concept of Miracle

2021 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-67
Author(s):  
Alessandro Laverda
Keyword(s):  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Thomas Aquinas ◽  
New Classification ◽  
The Future ◽  
Magnum Opus ◽  
Fourth Book ◽  
The Invisible

AbstractAccording to Thomas Aquinas, a miracle had to surpass the whole of the created nature, which meant the visible and corporeal, as well as the invisible and incorporeal nature. Prospero Lambertini (1675–1758), the future Pope Benedict XIV, when he was promoter of the faith, noticed that it was impossible to distinguish a cure that occurred beyond the boundaries of incorporeal and invisible nature (the whole nature) from one that exceeded just corporeal and visible nature. The issue was of utmost importance since it risked delegitimizing the whole system of miracle verification. Consequently, Lambertini, in the fourth book of his magnum opus De servorum Dei beatificatione et beatorum canonizatione (On the Beatification of the Servants of God and the Canonization of the Blessed, 1734–1738), developed a new classification of miracles, which included the works of angels, with the aim of solving the problem. Furthermore, to counteract Spinoza's denial of miracles, he claimed that miracles were not contrary to the laws of nature.

„Die schönste griechische Stadt“. Syrakus bei Cicero und Silius Italicus

Millennium ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-53
Author(s):  
Christoph Schwameis
Keyword(s):  
Second Punic War ◽  
Silius Italicus ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City ◽  
Fourth Book

AbstractBoth in the fourth book of Cicero’s De signis (Verr. 2,4) and in the fourteenth book of Silius Italicus’ Punica, there are descriptions of the city of Syracuse at important points of the texts. In this paper, both descriptions are combined and for the first time thoroughly related. I discuss form and content of the accounts, show their functions in their oratorical and epic contexts and consider their similarities. The most important facets, where the descriptions coincide in, seem to be their link to Marcellus’ conquest in the Second Punic War, the resulting precarious beauty of the city and the specifically Roman perspective on which these ekphraseis are based.

scholarly journals The diurnal variation of magnetic disturbance in high latitudes

1935 ◽  
Vol 149 (867) ◽  
pp. 298-311 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Natural Disturbance ◽  
Universal Time ◽  
Sudden Commencement ◽  
General View ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
Limited Region ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Distinctive Type ◽  
Unlimited Variety

1―The effect of natural disturbance on the earth’s magnetic field at any one place is at least twofold: (i) to introduce a regular variation (S d ) periodic within the day and additional to, as well as different in type from (except in a limited region round the magnetic axis pole), the variation associated with quiet days (S q ); and (ii) to suppose on S d irregular changes which may either be of the distinctive type peculiar to large storms especially in low latitudes and generally preceded by the particular type of perturbation known as a sudden commencement, or the changes in the field may be of the apparently nondescript class which comprises an unlimited variety of short-period irregular oscillations. Of these effects of disturbances S d is definitely a local time phenomenon: the sudden commencement with subsequent depression in the horizontal component of the field as definitely follows universal time. For the irregular and unclassified oscillations in moderate and high latitudes a diurnal variation in their incidence has been shown to exist for a few isolated localities. But in the general view it is not known whether this aspect of disturbance is controlled by local or universal time. Nor is it known whether the form of the diurnal variation in disturbance (which variation we shall denote by D) varies in any systematic way with latitude.

„Wenn ein Mensch seinem Nächsten Gewalt antun will . . .“

2017 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-386
Author(s):  
Christian Blumenthal
Keyword(s):  
Greek Text ◽  
Nineteen Eighties ◽  
Fourth Book

The coptic sahidic version of the Fourth Book of Maccabees was discovered by Enzo Lucchesi in the nineteen eighties and published by Ivan Miroshnikov in 2014, who observed that the Coptic version is sometimes significantly different from the Greek one. This article examines the peculiarities of this translation and tries to show that the Sahidic version has an own paraenetic aim which is quite different from that one of the Greek text.

Virgil's Dido and Seneca's Tragic Heroines

1975 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine Fantham
Keyword(s):  
Moral Stature ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Latin Work ◽  
Fourth Book

The large harvest of editions and monographs devoted to Seneca's Phaedra in recent years have done full justice to the influence on Seneca's play of the Greek tragic precedents, even exploiting the Latin play as a quarry for their recovery and restoration; at the level of individual motifs of dialogue, Seneca's debt to Ovid's fourth letter of the Heroides has been confirmed and detailed. But concern with the adaptation of the myth, and the obvious verbal resemblances to Ovid, have combined to distract students from the influence of another Latin work—the fourth book of Virgil's Aeneid. The theme of Virgil's book, the quality of Virgil's portrayal of Dido and her passion, with its truly dramatic greatness (of which a distinguished editor has written ‘if Virgil had written nothing else … it would have established his right to stand beside the greatest of the Greek tragedians’), the acknowledged supremacy of Virgil's reputation as a poet in Seneca's generation, and Seneca's own fondness for quoting the Aeneid, are all strong arguments for expecting some reminiscence of Virgil's great queen in Seneca's delineation of Phaedra and her doomed passion for Hippolytus. Before Virgil only Catullus' Ariadne had approached the insight and sympathetic analysis which was achieved in Dido. After Virgil the lovesick heroines of Ovid's Heroides are rhetorically versatile but without the moral stature to give value to their sufferings, while their static portraits cannot offer the development of either action or emotion which is essential to drama. Unfortunately, because Ovid both in Heroides and Metamorphoses borrowed so much detail and imagery from Virgil, his dependence on the greater poet complicates and often frustrates attempts to distinguish the relationship of Senecan poetry to that of the two predecessors whom he admired.

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