This chapter contains the first of the three comparative case studies—Indian, Iranian, and North Korean nuclear weapons programs. It begins by presenting an in-depth case selection discussion and the utility of both an intra-case and comparative case selection method. The chapter continues by examining how India successfully, and clandestinely, developed a nuclear capability despite early counterproliferation attempts by the United States. The first half of the chapter describes the initial phase of the Indian program that culminated in the 1974 Peaceful Nuclear Explosion. Despite the United States’ early success in incentivizing the Indians to suspend their nuclear pursuit, U.S. efforts at nuclear reversal failed and the Indians ultimately became a full-fledged nuclear weapons state in 1998. The chapter concludes by describing the ultimate failure of counterproliferation attempts by the United States in accord with the expectations of the theoretical framework laid out in Chapter 2.