Theory of Nuclear Reversal

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-59
Author(s):  
Rupal N. Mehta
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Empirical Testing ◽  
Leadership Change ◽  
Nuclear Program ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Nuclear Reversal

This chapter presents the core theoretical framework in this study: an analysis of nuclear reversal at the systemic level and the conditions under which the international community is able to induce a proliferator to abandon a nascent nuclear program. Specifically, it introduces a novel theoretical approach that highlights the necessity to negotiate with both positive and negative inducements in the shadow of military force. In addition to including the core hypotheses for empirical testing, it includes a discussion of probabilistic conditions to help examine a broader set of proliferation cases. These conditions include the impact of leadership change on the association between inducements and nuclear reversal, as well as how a proliferator’s relationship with the United States influences the likelihood of nuclear reversal. It concludes with potential limitations and overarching policy implications of the framework.

Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick? Veterans in the Political Elite and the American Use of Force

2002 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 779-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Gelpi ◽  
Peter D. Feaver
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Militarized Disputes ◽  
Military Relations ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Impact

Other research has shown (1) that civilians and the military differ in their views about when and how to use military force; (2) that the opinions of veterans track more closely with military officers than with civilians who never served in the military; and (3) that U.S. civil–military relations shaped Cold War policy debates. We assess whether this opinion gap “matters” for the actual conduct of American foreign policy. We examine the impact of the presence of veterans in the U.S. political elite on the propensity to initiate and escalate militarized interstate disputes between 1816 and 1992. As the percentage of veterans serving in the executive branch and the legislature increases, the probability that the United States will initiate militarized disputes declines. Once a dispute has been initiated, however, the higher the proportion of veterans, the greater the level of force the United States will use in the dispute.

Adoption: Transracial and Intercountry

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowena Fong ◽  
Ruth G. McRoy ◽  
Amy Griffin ◽  
Catherine LaBrenz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Identity Formation ◽  
Challenging Behaviors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Work Practice ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Practice Research ◽  
Adoptive Families ◽  
Transracial Adoptions ◽  
The Impact

A history of transracial and intercountry adoptions in the United States is briefly provided as well as highlights trends, demographics, practices, and policies that have evolved as families have become more diverse. The current prevalence of intercountry and transracial adoptions in the United States is examined as well as the impact of policy changes in the United States and abroad on rates of intercountry adoption. Additionally, the challenges that have emerged for children adopted transracially and from abroad, as well as for their adoptive families, are reviewed. These include navigating ethnic and racial identity formation, cultural sensitivity, and challenging behaviors. Finally, future directions for social work practice, research, and policy are explored, and implications are provided for social workers intervening with families who have adopted children transracially or internationally. Specifically, adoption-competent professionals should also integrate cultural humility and competence into their therapeutic work with adoptive children and families. Implications for research in the conclusion focus on expanding prior studies on intercountry and transracial adoptions to incorporate racial and ethnic groups underrepresented in the literature. Policy implications include increasing access and funding for post-adoption services for all adoptive families.

THE ROLE OF THE UNITED STATES IN RESOLVING THE FIRST NORTH KOREAN NUCLEAR CRISIS

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
Radmila S. Ayriyan ◽  
Anastasia A. Komarova
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Nuclear Program ◽  
Nuclear Problem ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Nuclear Crisis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The article examines the relationship between the United States and the DPRK during the first North Korean nuclear crisis. It discusses the events leading up to the crisis and the behavior of both sides and international organizations before and during the crisis. The article draws up the role of South Korea during the escalation of the crisis, as well as influence of other countries interested in resolving the crisis. It analyzes the U.S.-North Korea relationship and the impact of the UN and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) on the international situation at that time. In this aspect, the study of the Korean nuclear program and the role of the United States has not previously been carried out in Russian historiography. The discussion leads to the design and stages of the KEDO creation with attention to the documents on this international consortium. The situation demonstrates different visions on the USA foreign policy strategy chosen in relation to the DPRK nuclear problem in 1990s, namely the opinion of the United States diplomats working on relations with the DPRK, and American researchers in humanities and technology. The paper concludes with the reasons of the Framework Agreements’ failure that led to the crises.

Evidence from the Historical Record

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-114
Author(s):  
Rupal N. Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Leadership Change ◽  
The Core ◽  
Additional Support ◽  
Special Circumstances ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Significant Support ◽  
Nuclear Reversal

This chapter provides a series of quantitative, large-n analyses of nuclear reversal that test the core propositions and hypotheses derived in Chapter 2. It expands on existing work to systematically examine all states that engaged in nuclear weapons activity. It overviews the data on rewards (political, military, or economic) and punishments (economic or military) for analysis. It presents several statistical tests of the six hypotheses derived in Chapter 2. Using a time-series panel study that incorporates a variety of model specifications examining the impact of inducements on nuclear reversal, it finds significant support for the theoretical framework introduced earlier. Further, it finds support for the probabilistic conditions that examines special circumstances of leadership change and nuclear reversal among allies and adversaries. Appendix 3.1 presents a battery of robustness checks to provide additional support for the findings.

Policy Implications

2018 ◽  
pp. 295-306
Author(s):  
Kevin A. Sabet ◽  
Ken C. Winters
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
United States Government ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Government Accountability ◽  
Department Of Justice ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
The Impact

This chapter reviews policy implications associated with legalizing marijuana for medical and recreational purposes. The authors discuss the current landscape and attitudes toward marijuana use and review the enforcement polices of the federal government, including the impact of policies within the United States Department of Justice and the United States Government Accountability Office. The chapter also examines the expanding marijuana industry and warns against the growth of ‘Big Marijuana’ and the industry’s ability to influence policy. Finally, after reviewing the important pros and cons of legalizing this drug, the authors offer several guidelines for states to optimize care when legalization is implemented.

A Dynamic Model of Rational Addiction with Stockpiling and Learning: An Empirical Examination of E-cigarettes

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 5886-5905
Author(s):  
Jialie Chen ◽  
Vithala R. Rao
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
Cigarette Taxes ◽  
Smoking Behaviors ◽  
The Impact

Current regulations on e-cigarettes are minimal compared with cigarette regulations, despite their growing popularity globally. Advocates of e-cigarettes claim that they aid in ceasing smoking habits. However, leaving e-cigarettes unregulated has raised growing health concerns. Policymakers in several countries, including the United States and those in Europe, are considering and experimenting with policy interventions. To evaluate current policies and implement potential regulations on e-cigarettes, policymakers must understand the impact of e-cigarettes on consumers’ smoking behaviors. To address this issue, we construct a dynamic structural model that incorporates consumers’ purchases and consumption behaviors of both cigarettes and e-cigarettes. The results from our proposed model indicate that consumption of e-cigarettes promotes, rather than counteracts, smoking. This is because the less costly e-cigarettes incentivize consumers to build their addiction to nicotine, which, in return, increases future consumption of both cigarettes and e-cigarettes. This finding calls for regulations on e-cigarettes. We then conduct counterfactual analyses to evaluate two policy regulations on e-cigarettes: (1) e-cigarette taxes and (2) price regulation. Because both of these policies have been discussed extensively in both the United States and many countries in the European Union, results of our policy simulations address these policy debates. We find that both are effective in reducing overall consumption of cigarettes and e-cigarettes. We also examine the role of consumers’ heterogeneity on the simulation results as well as the policy implications. We conclude with future research directions, such as inclusion of social influence and cross-selling marketing. This paper was accepted by Matthew Shum, marketing.

Gender Gaps, Partisan Gaps, and Cross-Pressures: An Examination of American Attitudes toward the Use of Force

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Michael A. Hansen ◽  
Jennifer L. Clemens ◽  
Kathleen Dolan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
The United States ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Congressional Election ◽  
Election Study ◽  
Gender Gaps ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This article explores the gender gap in attitudes toward the use of military force in the United States. Given that the United States has been continuously engaged in war for the last 17 years, we revisit the topic and explore whether a gender gap in attitudes persists by utilizing Cooperative Congressional Election Study data for 2006–16. In addition, given the primacy of partisanship to issue attitudes, we go beyond examining the gender gap to explore the impact of partisanship on these attitudes. We find that women are less likely than men to support the use of force in most circumstances. We also find gender gaps in the Democratic and Republican parties and acknowledge the diversity among women and among men in these attitudes because of partisan identity. Finally, we identify points of cross-pressure on individuals whose gender and partisan identities pull them in different directions, namely, Republican women and Democratic men.

Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne Polski a współpraca polsko-amerykańska w zakresie cywilnego programu jądrowego

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-120
Author(s):  
Łukasz Jureńczyk
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nuclear Program ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
External Partner

The aim of the paper is to analyze and assess the legitimacy of the implementation of a civil nuclear program in Poland and the selection of the United States as the main external partner. The considerations are carried out in the context of ensuring Poland’s energy security. The introduction contains the main methodological assumptions and synthetically outlines the history of nuclear projects in Poland. The first part of the paper analyzes the impact of the nuclear program on Poland’s energy security. The second part is devoted to Polish-American cooperation in the implementation of the nuclear

Bluegrass Unlimited (1966–1977)

2020 ◽  
pp. 150-196
Author(s):  
Kip Lornell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Core ◽  
Radio Program ◽  
The Impact

Both as a radio program on WAMU-FM and as a specialized magazine, Bluegrass Unlimited informed local fans about “their” music. The impact of the radio show was local, but the magazine soon garnered national attention. The Birchmere, which became the premier spot for bluegrass in the region, was founded by Gary Oelze who still operates this venue. By 1967 all three of these forces were underpinning the local bluegrass community. In the early 1970s the Seldom Scene formed out of the core of the original Country Gentlemen and soon became the most important bluegrass band in DC and, arguably, across the United States. During this period bluegrass became increasingly popular, a trend that only accelerated during the late 1970s and early 1980s.

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