The overview accomplishes three goals. First, it presents the empirical research design and examines the utility of mixed-method research design that uses both quantitative and qualitative evidence. This approach is especially important given the “small-n” problem inherent in nuclear politics, that is, the relatively small universe of nuclear weapons proliferation cases over time. Second, it introduces broad characteristics and descriptive statistics underlying nuclear weapons activity from the historical record. Third, it presents an overview of the selection criteria, value, and sources of case studies and how they provide support for my theoretical framework. These cases illustrate the core hypothesis and key scope conditions that examine how instances of leadership change and political relationships with the United States influence nuclear decision-making and the likelihood of counterproliferation success and failure, in the shadow of military force.