scholarly journals Aging Associated Specificity in Training Visual Short-Term Memory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Razumnikova ◽  
Vladislav Kagan
Keyword(s):  
Older Women ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Visuospatial Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Systematic Training ◽  
Attention Systems

There are numerous data in existence, the computerized cognitive training programs (CCTP) maintain or improve the plasticity of the neural networks in the brain. It is known as well that CCTP reduces the probability of cognitive dysfunctions associated with aging. In the chapter, the age-associated specificity in the temporal dynamics of changes in the visuospatial short-term memory (VSWM, also called visuospatial working memory) is presented. VSWM has been analyzed as there are evidence for age-related decline in visuospatial memory associated with hippocampus atrophy in aging. Memory retrieval decline in older women in comparison with young women while computerized training at home is shown. The elderly achieving results which are comparable to the youngs are determined by significantly increased duration while performing the memory tasks. To reveal factors of the CCTP’s efficiency, age-related differences in the attention systems using the Attention Network Test were resolved. In the group of older women, VSWM efficiency is negatively related to the errors of incongruent information selection whereas in young women—to the reaction time while testing. Thus, the success of long-term systematic training of visuospatial memory in old age is strongly related to the high level of executive control.

scholarly journals A bilingual advantage in memory capacity: Assessing the roles of proficiency, number of languages acquired and age of acquisition

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezequiel Martin Durand López
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Age Of Acquisition ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Span Task ◽  
Visuospatial Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Bilingual Advantage ◽  
Different Types ◽  
L2 Learners

This study examines whether different types of bilingualism modulate memory capacity differently. More specifically, the study assesses the effects of age of acquisition, number of languages acquired and proficiency in the L2 on phonological short-term memory, visuospatial memory and semantic memory.DesignMemory capacity was measured by means of three tasks: digit span task (phonological short-term memory), Corsi block task (visuospatial memory) and word span task (semantic memory). Participants were divided into five groups based on the number of languages acquired, age of acquisition and proficiency: monolinguals, intermediate L2 learners, advanced L2 learners, simultaneous bilinguals and multilinguals.Data and analysisAnalyses of variance were used to analyze participants’ scores for each of the memory tasks.Findings and conclusionsFor the word span task, no significant differences were found among the groups, which supports the notion that semantic memory is language independent. Furthermore, intermediate and advanced L2 learners and multilinguals presented significantly higher phonological short-term memory spans compared to simultaneous bilinguals. Finally, intermediate L2 learners and multilinguals significantly outperformed monolinguals on visuospatial memory spans. Results suggest that L2 acquisition might strengthen both visuospatial and phonological short-term memory, which in turn tend to improve as L2 proficiency increases.OriginalityWhile previous studies have provided evidence of a bilingual advantage in memory capacity, these studies have generally grouped different types of bilinguals together (e.g., L2 leaners and heritage speakers). This study takes a step forward by examining differences on memory capacity across different types of bilinguals and in comparison to their monolingual peers in order to better understand the cognitive effects of bilingualism.Significance and implicationsWhen considering age of acquisition, number of languages acquired and proficiency as grouping factors, different effects of bilingualism on memory capacity can be observed. Future studies on this matter should include bilingual participants that are comparable with regard to the aforementioned variables.

Effects of age-related hearing loss on verbal processing and short-term memory

2015 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
pp. 1895-1895
Author(s):  
Esther Janse ◽  
Elise D. Bree
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Verbal Processing ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Related Hearing Loss

scholarly journals Stable maintenance of multiple representational formats in human visual short-term memory

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (51) ◽  
pp. 32329-32339
Author(s):  
Jing Liu ◽  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Tao Yu ◽  
Duanyu Ni ◽  
Liankun Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Semantic Representations ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory ◽  
Stable Maintenance

Visual short-term memory (VSTM) enables humans to form a stable and coherent representation of the external world. However, the nature and temporal dynamics of the neural representations in VSTM that support this stability are barely understood. Here we combined human intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) recordings with analyses using deep neural networks and semantic models to probe the representational format and temporal dynamics of information in VSTM. We found clear evidence that VSTM maintenance occurred in two distinct representational formats which originated from different encoding periods. The first format derived from an early encoding period (250 to 770 ms) corresponded to higher-order visual representations. The second format originated from a late encoding period (1,000 to 1,980 ms) and contained abstract semantic representations. These representational formats were overall stable during maintenance, with no consistent transformation across time. Nevertheless, maintenance of both representational formats showed substantial arrhythmic fluctuations, i.e., waxing and waning in irregular intervals. The increases of the maintained representational formats were specific to the phases of hippocampal low-frequency activity. Our results demonstrate that human VSTM simultaneously maintains representations at different levels of processing, from higher-order visual information to abstract semantic representations, which are stably maintained via coupling to hippocampal low-frequency activity.

Charting the Diversity of Strategic Processes in Visuospatial Short-Term Memory

2020 ◽  
pp. 174569162095069
Author(s):  
Corentin Gonthier
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Visuospatial Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Multiple Strategies ◽  
Strategic Processes ◽  
Strategic Behaviors ◽  
Spatial Tasks ◽  
The Difference

Despite the abundant literature on visuospatial short-term memory, researchers have devoted little attention to strategic processes: What procedures do subjects implement to memorize visuospatial material? Evidence for various strategies exists, but it is spread across a variety of fields. This integrative review of the literature brings together scattered evidence to provide an overview of strategic processes in visuospatial memory tasks. The diversity of strategies and their proposed operating mechanisms are reviewed and discussed. The evidence leads to proposing seven broad strategic processes used in visuospatial short-term memory, each with multiple variants. Strategies can vary across individuals, but the same subjects also appear to use multiple strategies depending on the perceptual features of to-be-remembered displays. These results point to a view of visuospatial strategies as a functional library of facilitatory processes on which subjects can draw to support visuospatial short-term memory performance. Implications are discussed for the difference between visual and spatial tasks, for the appropriate measurement of strategic behaviors, and for the interpretation of performance in visuospatial memory tasks.

scholarly journals Data-Driven Predictive Modeling of Neuronal Dynamics Using Long Short-Term Memory

Algorithms ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 203
Author(s):  
Benjamin Plaster ◽  
Gautam Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Time Horizon ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Brain Dynamics ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Long Short Term Memory

Modeling brain dynamics to better understand and control complex behaviors underlying various cognitive brain functions have been of interest to engineers, mathematicians and physicists over the last several decades. With the motivation of developing computationally efficient models of brain dynamics to use in designing control-theoretic neurostimulation strategies, we have developed a novel data-driven approach in a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network architecture to predict the temporal dynamics of complex systems over an extended long time-horizon in future. In contrast to recent LSTM-based dynamical modeling approaches that make use of multi-layer perceptrons or linear combination layers as output layers, our architecture uses a single fully connected output layer and reversed-order sequence-to-sequence mapping to improve short time-horizon prediction accuracy and to make multi-timestep predictions of dynamical behaviors. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach in reconstructing the regular spiking to bursting dynamics exhibited by an experimentally-validated 9-dimensional Hodgkin-Huxley model of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Through simulations, we show that our LSTM neural network can predict the multi-time scale temporal dynamics underlying various spiking patterns with reasonable accuracy. Moreover, our results show that the predictions improve with increasing predictive time-horizon in the multi-timestep deep LSTM neural network.

Visual Short-Term Memory, Age, and Imaging Ability

1978 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 571-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Adamowicz
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Visual Masking ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Stimulus Complexity ◽  
Verbal Intelligence ◽  
Response Delay ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory ◽  
Age Related

Visual short-term memory of young and older adults was studied in relation to imaging ability. Both recall and recognition memory tasks were used and additional variables included stimulus complexity and response delay (recognition tasks) and stimulus complexity and visual masking (recall tasks). Young and older participants were matched on visual discrimination, verbal intelligence, and imaging ability. Stimuli consisted of abstract visual patterns. Age-related decrements in recognition and recall were observed but performance was related to imaging ability only with recall tasks and only for older adults. The results were discussed with reference to mediational strategies and locus of occurrence of age-related decrements in short-term memory.

scholarly journals Comparison between the timing of the occurrence of taste sensitivity changes and short-term memory decline due to aging in SAMP1 mice

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0248673
Author(s):  
Masataka Narukawa ◽  
Suzuka Takahashi ◽  
Aya Kamiyoshihara ◽  
Kentaro Matsumiya ◽  
Takumi Misaka
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Alternation ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Taste Sensitivity ◽  
Alternation Behavior ◽  
Spontaneous Alternation Behavior ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Old Mice

Several studies have suggested that cognitive impairment affects taste sensitivity. However, the mechanism behind this is still unclear. In this study, we focused on short-term memory. Using senescence-accelerated mouse prone 1 (SAMP1) mice, we compared whether the effects of aging are observed earlier in taste sensitivity or short-term memory. We used 8-week-old mice as the young group, and 70- and 80-week-old mice as aged groups. Taste sensitivity was evaluated using a 48-hour two-bottle preference test, and short-term memory was evaluated using the Y-maze test. SAMP1 mice showed apparently changes in taste sensitivity at 70-weeks-old. However, the influence of aging on spontaneous alternation behavior, which is indicative of short-term memory alterations, was not observed in 70-week-old mice. At 80-weeks-old, the influence of aging was observed, and spontaneous alternation behavior was significantly decreased. This suggests that age-dependent changes in taste sensitivity occur prior to short-term memory function decline. In addition, there was no significant influence of aging on the mRNA expression of long-term potentiation-related genes in the hippocampus of 80-week-old mice. Therefore, the age-related decline of short-term memory may not affect taste sensitivity.

scholarly journals Data-Driven Predictive Modeling of Neuronal Dynamics using Long Short-Term Memory

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Plaster ◽  
Gautam Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Time Horizon ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Brain Dynamics ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Long Short Term Memory

Modeling brain dynamics to better understand and control complex behaviors underlying various cognitive brain functions are of interests to engineers, mathematicians, and physicists from the last several decades. With a motivation of developing computationally efficient models of brain dynamics to use in designing control-theoretic neurostimulation strategies, we have developed a novel data-driven approach in a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network architecture to predict the temporal dynamics of complex systems over an extended long time-horizon in future. In contrast to recent LSTM-based dynamical modeling approaches that make use of multi-layer perceptrons or linear combination layers as output layers, our architecture uses a single fully connected output layer and reversed-order sequence-to-sequence mapping to improve short time-horizon prediction accuracy and to make multi-timestep predictions of dynamical behaviors. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach in reconstructing the regular spiking to bursting dynamics exhibited by an experimentally-validated 9-dimensional Hodgkin-Huxley model of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Through simulations, we show that our LSTM neural network can predict the multi-time scale temporal dynamics underlying various spiking patterns with reasonable accuracy. Moreover, our results show that the predictions improve with increasing predictive time-horizon in the multi-timestep deep LSTM neural network.

“I Think I Can Remember” Age-Related Changes in Self-Efficacy for Short-Term Memory

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Gagan Bajaj ◽  
DasmineFraclita D'Souza ◽  
VinithaMary George ◽  
Sudhin Karuppali ◽  
JayashreeS Bhat
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Related Changes

scholarly journals An Age-Related Dissociation of Short-Term Memory for Facial Identity and Facial Emotional Expression

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 718-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan A. Hartley ◽  
Zoe Ravich ◽  
Sarah Stringer ◽  
Katherine Wiley
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Facial Identity ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Facial Emotional Expression
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