Paramilitarily Organized Hunan Peasant Communities

2015 ◽  
pp. 95-117
Author(s):  
Baohui Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Peasant Communities

scholarly journals A cost-effective algae-based biosensor for water quality analysis: Development and testing in collaboration with peasant communities

2021 ◽  
pp. 101479
Author(s):  
Cecilia Prudkin-Silva ◽  
Esteban Lanzarotti ◽  
Lucía Álvarez ◽  
María Belén Vallerga ◽  
Matías Factorovich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Water Quality Analysis ◽  
Peasant Communities

Vulnerabilities and Threats to Natural Forest Regrowth: Land Tenure Reform, Land Markets, Pasturelands, Plantations, and Urbanization in Indigenous Communities in Mexico

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1340
Author(s):  
Elena Lazos-Chavero ◽  
Paula Meli ◽  
Consuelo Bonfil
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Forest Conservation ◽  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Landscape Restoration ◽  
Peasant Communities ◽  
Tenure Reform ◽  
Biological Corridor

Despite the economic and social costs of national and international efforts to restore millions of hectares of deforested and degraded landscapes, results have not met expectations due to land tenure conflicts, land-use transformation, and top-down decision-making policies. Privatization of land, expansion of cattle raising, plantations, and urbanization have created an increasingly competitive land market, dispossessing local communities and threatening forest conservation and regeneration. In contrast to significant investments in reforestation, natural regrowth, which could contribute to landscape regeneration, has not been sufficiently promoted by national governments. This study analyzes socio-ecological and economic vulnerabilities of indigenous and other peasant communities in the Mexican states of Veracruz, Chiapas, and Morelos related to the inclusion of natural regeneration in their forest cycles. While these communities are located within protected areas (Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve, Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve, El Tepozteco National Park, and Chichinautzin Biological Corridor), various threats and vulnerabilities impede natural regeneration. Although landscape restoration involves complex political, economic, and social relationships and decisions by a variety of stakeholders, we focus on communities’ vulnerable land rights and the impacts of privatization on changes in land use and forest conservation. We conclude that the social, economic, political, and environmental vulnerabilities of the study communities threaten natural regeneration, and we explore necessary changes for incorporating this process in landscape restoration.

Integrating Socioeconomic and Geographic Information Systems: A Methodology for Rural Development and Agricultural Policy Design

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Stonich
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation System ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
University Of Kentucky ◽  
Peasant Communities ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Sustainable Ecology

Understanding the factors related to destructive ecological processes in the tropics has expanded significantly in the last decade. Much has been learned about heterogeneity in geomorphology, soils, hydrology, and climate and about associated vulnerability to ecological damage. Research on cropping systems has divulged both the suitability and the liability in swidden agricultural practices and has led to recommendations involving alternative cropping and agroforestry complexes (Altieri 1987). At the same time, there has been a growing awareness that a more comprehensive knowledge of tropical ecology and enlarged technological and/or agricultural options will not necessarily affect a sustainable ecology (Altieri and Hecht 1990; Redclift 1984, 1987). Research on peasant economies in Latin America and elsewhere has demonstrated the existence of a highly differentiated peasantry, the vast majority of whom are landless or land-poor and who are more dependent on income earned from off-farm than from on-farm sources (Collins 1986; Deere and Wasserstrom 1981; Stonich 1991b). Such studies have demonstrated that systemic interconnections among family and corporate farmers with landholdings of all sizes promote environmental destruction (Stonich 1989); have established the existence of labor scarcity rather than labor surpluses in many peasant communities and the related environmental consequences (Brush 1977,1987; Collins 1987,1988; Posner and MacPherson 1982; Stonich 1993); and have called for rural and agricultural development policy that takes into account a socially differentiated peasantry and diversified rural poverty (de Janvry and Sadoulet 1989). It is increasingly evident that ecological destruction cannot be fathomed apart from the demographic, institutional, and social factors that influence the agricultural practices and other natural resource management decisions of agricultural producers. This paper describes a multidisciplinary methodology designed to examine the interactions among demographic trends, social processes, agricultural production decisions, and ecological decline in southern Honduras, a region characterized by widespread and worsening human impoverishment and environmental degradation. The methodology integrated the research efforts and databases compiled by anthropologists from the University of Kentucky using a farming systems approach, who were part of the socioeconomic component of the International Sorghum Millet Project (INTSORMIL) with potentially complementary research conducted by the natural and agricultural scientists working as part of the Comprehensive Resource Inventory and Evaluation System Project (CRIES) at Michigan State University.

The regroupements Camps and the Collapse of Pilote 1

2020 ◽  
pp. 451-471
Author(s):  
Neil Macmaster
Keyword(s):  
Self Regulation ◽  
Forced Displacement ◽  
Peasant Communities

Army commanders in the Chelif, as elsewhere, frustrated by the problems of a hearts and mind approach and the difficulty of winning the support of dispersed populations, fell back on the standard ‘big division’ methods of sweep and search operations, destruction of farmhouses, mass internment, and forced displacement into military camps. By 1960 some 291 camps had been established in the Chelif region, holding a population of a quarter of a million, over 70 per cent of the peasantry. The army also declared zones interdites in which civilians were subject to artillery fire and bombing. Bourdieu and Sayad famously recounted the radical destruction of a traditional peasant order, but peasant communities still exerted, through the djemâa, a degree of collective unity and resistance. For example, through ritual submission to the French (aman) some douars in coming over ‘to the French side’, created protective zones for ALN fighters. Internal to the camps joint families and fractions were able to retain their forms of organization, a basis for self-regulation and resistance.

Forcing the Wealthy to Pay Their Fair Share? The Politics of Rural Taxes in 17th-Century Ottoman Damascus

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-66
Author(s):  
Malissa Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Fair Share ◽  
Peasant Communities ◽  
The Village ◽  
Detailed Picture

AbstractFocusing on the province of Damascus, this study shows that individuals of the ʿaskarī class were obligated to pay village taxes in proportion to the amount of property they owned, and that it was the village cultivators who had the primary authority for individuating and collecting these taxes. Providing a detailed picture of the relations between the ʿaskarī class and peasant communities before the rise of the a’yān in the eighteenth century, the study explores how peasants sought to enforce their decisions on these powerful individuals and to what extent they were successful in doing so.

THE CRIOLLO SHEEP IN PERU

1996 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 115-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Burfening ◽  
Juan Chavez C
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Peruvian Andes ◽  
Peasant Communities ◽  
Shaped Body ◽  
Small Head

SUMMARYThere are approximately ffteen million sheep in Peru, with more than 50% of this population being located in peasant communities and considered to be Criollo. Sheep were introduced by the Spanish, producing an almost complete displacement of the native camelid population. These animals were the foundation of the Criollo sheep presently found in the peasant communities of the Peruvian Andes. The Criollo sheep has a typically pear-shaped body, with a relatively small head, most often with horns. Productive characteristics among the Criollo sheep in the sierra are highly variable and depend mainly on the locations where they were raised. Criollo sheep andtheir crosses with improved breeds show a higher survival rate than crosses among the improved breeds of sheepin Peru. This indicates that although not as productive in conventional terms (weaning weight or fleece production) the criollo are well adapted to their environment.

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