scholarly journals The Bi-Directional Relationship Between Childhood Malnutrition and HIV/AIDS

2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Ejiroghene Ajari ◽  
Boluwatife Adeleye Adewale
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Childhood Malnutrition ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Hiv Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Aids

: Childhood malnutrition, a disorder broadly classified into overnutrition and undernutrition, is highly prevalent globally, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa and South-East Asia. Several studies have highlighted the bidirectional relationship between this disorder and HIV/AIDS, another disease with a high global prevalence. This relationship is quite complex. Links have been established between the disease entities on the individual, family and household level. Opportunistic infections and diseases associated with HIV, antiretroviral therapy and its adverse effects have also been implicated in this relationship. The key implicated variables includes frequency of disease occurrence, morbidity and mortality rate, and disease transmission rate. This paper reviews existing literatures on the subject matter, identifies key knowledge gaps, and recommends the need for further study of this complex relationship in order to close the gaps and inform decisions in healthcare.

Men’s Economic Status and Marriage Timing in Rural and Semi-Urban Malawi

Social Forces ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Pike
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Family Characteristics ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Marriage Timing ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Individual

Abstract In recent decades, qualitative research from across sub-Saharan Africa has shown how young men are often unable to marry because they lack wealth and a stable livelihood. With survey data, researchers have begun to study how men’s economic circumstances are related to when they marry in the continent’s capitals and larger urban centers. However, our understanding of these dynamics outside of large cities remains limited. Drawing on longitudinal survey data, this paper examines how men’s economic standing, both at the individual and household level, relates to their marriage timing in rural and semi-urban communities in the Salima district of Malawi. The findings show that men who have higher earnings, work in agriculture, and come from a household that sold cash crops were more likely to marry. In contrast, students as well as men from households owning a large amount of land were substantially less likely to marry. Additionally, men living in the semi-urban communities were around half as likely to marry as their rural counterparts. This negative association is largely explained by the greater proportion of men who are students in towns and trading centers and also the relatively less agricultural nature of these communities. These findings show the value of considering both individual and family characteristics in studies of marriage timing and also suggest that as sub-Saharan Africa urbanizes, the age of marriage for men will likely rise.

scholarly journals Why are Testing Rates so Low in Sub-Saharan Africa? Misconceptions and Strategic Behaviors

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Sterck
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Dhs Surveys ◽  
Hiv Aids

Abstract Voluntary testing and counseling (VTC) is a popular method for fighting the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The purpose of VTC is to reduce the incidence of the virus in a two-fold manner. First, testing provides access to health care and antiretroviral therapies that diminish the transmission rate of the virus. Second, counseling encourages safer behavior for not only individuals who test HIV-negative and wish to avoid HIV/AIDS infection but also altruistic individuals who test HIV-positive and wish to protect their partners from becoming infected by HIV. Surprisingly, DHS surveys that were conducted in sub-Saharan Africa provide empirical evidence that testing services are underutilized. Moreover, it is rare for both partners in a couple to be tested for HIV. This paper proposes a theoretical model that indicates how misperceptions about the HIV/AIDS virus may explain these puzzles. More specifically, this study demonstrates that individuals who are at risk of HIV infection may act strategically to avoid the cost of testing if they overestimate the risk of HIV transmission or believe that health care is not required if HIV is asymptomatic. The correction of false beliefs and the promotion of self-testing are expected to increase HIV testing rates.

scholarly journals Households or Hotspots? Defining Intervention Targets for Malaria Elimination in Ratanakiri Province, Eastern Cambodia

2019 ◽  
Vol 220 (6) ◽  
pp. 1034-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Bannister-Tyrrell ◽  
Meryam Krit ◽  
Vincent Sluydts ◽  
Sochantha Tho ◽  
Mao Sokny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Malaria Risk ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
First Year ◽  
Plasmodium Infection ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Crude Prevalence

Abstract Background Malaria “hotspots” have been proposed as potential intervention units for targeted malaria elimination. Little is known about hotspot formation and stability in settings outside sub-Saharan Africa. Methods Clustering of Plasmodium infections at the household and hotspot level was assessed over 2 years in 3 villages in eastern Cambodia. Social and spatial autocorrelation statistics were calculated to assess clustering of malaria risk, and logistic regression was used to assess the effect of living in a malaria hotspot compared to living in a malaria-positive household in the first year of the study on risk of malaria infection in the second year. Results The crude prevalence of Plasmodium infection was 8.4% in 2016 and 3.6% in 2017. Living in a hotspot in 2016 did not predict Plasmodium risk at the individual or household level in 2017 overall, but living in a Plasmodium-positive household in 2016 strongly predicted living in a Plasmodium-positive household in 2017 (Risk Ratio, 5.00 [95% confidence interval, 2.09–11.96], P < .0001). There was no consistent evidence that malaria risk clustered in groups of socially connected individuals from different households. Conclusions Malaria risk clustered more clearly in households than in hotspots over 2 years. Household-based strategies should be prioritized in malaria elimination programs in this region.

scholarly journals Modeling HIV/AIDS co infection with malaria and tuberculosis: the role of treatment and counseling

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Mark O.Okongo
Keyword(s):  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Deterministic Model ◽  
Dual Infection ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Effective Counseling ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Hiv Aids

HIV/AIDS remains one of the leading causes of death in the world with its effects most devastating in Sub Saharan Africa due to its dual infection with opportunistic infections especially malaria and tuberculosis. This study presents a co infection deterministic model defined by a system of ordinary deferential equations for HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. The HIV/AIDS only model is analyzed to determine the conditions for the stability of the equilibria points and assess the role of treatment and counseling in con-trolling the spread of the infections. This study shows that effective counseling reduces the value of the reproduction number for HIV/AIDS (RH) to less than unity eliminating the HIV/AIDS problem. Numerical simulations show that applying anti-retroviral treatment (ARV’S) without effective counseling increases the value of RH, worsening the HIV/AIDS problem, however ARV treatment coupled with effective counseling reduces the value of RH to a level below one eliminating the disease. The study further shows that when the proportion of those receiving ARV treatment without effective counseling increases, the value of RH also increases to a level above one. However effective counseling maintains the value of RH below unity therefore strategies for the control of HIV/AIDS should emphasize counseling and not only treatment. 

Interactions between ecological and socio-economic drivers of Buruli ulcer burden in Sub-Saharan Africa: opportunities for an improved control

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andes Garchitorena ◽  
Matthew H. Bonds ◽  
Jean-Francois Guégan ◽  
Benjamin Roche
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Buruli Ulcer ◽  
Mycobacterium Ulcerans ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Sub Saharan

This chapter provides an overview of the complex interactions between ecological and socioeconomic factors for the development and control of Buruli ulcer in Sub-Saharan Africa. We review key ecological and evolutionary processes driving the environmental persistence and proliferation of Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent, within aquatic environments, as well as transmission processes from these aquatic environments to human populations. We also outline key socioeconomic factors driving the economic and health burden of Buruli ulcer in endemic regions, revealed by reciprocal feedbacks between poverty, disease transmission from exposure aquatic environments and disease progression to severe stages owing to low access to health care. The implications of such insights for disease control, both in terms of limitations of current strategies and directions for the future, are discussed.

scholarly journals Pandemics and Burden of Stroke and Epilepsy in Sub-Saharan Africa: Experience from a Longstanding Health Programme

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2766
Author(s):  
Massimo Leone ◽  
Fausto Ciccacci ◽  
Stefano Orlando ◽  
Sandro Petrolati ◽  
Giovanni Guidotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Cerebrovascular Disorders ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Health Programme ◽  
Excess Deaths ◽  
Hiv Aids

Eighty percent of people with stroke live in low- to middle-income nations, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) where stroke has increased by more than 100% in the last decades. More than one-third of all epilepsy−related deaths occur in SSA. HIV infection is a risk factor for neurological disorders, including stroke and epilepsy. The vast majority of the 38 million people living with HIV/AIDS are in SSA, and the burden of neurological disorders in SSA parallels that of HIV/AIDS. Local healthcare systems are weak. Many standalone HIV health centres have become a platform with combined treatment for both HIV and noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), as advised by the United Nations. The COVID-19 pandemic is overwhelming the fragile health systems in SSA, and it is feared it will provoke an upsurge of excess deaths due to the disruption of care for chronic diseases such as HIV, TB, hypertension, diabetes, and cerebrovascular disorders. Disease Relief through Excellent and Advanced Means (DREAM) is a health programme active since 2002 to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS and related disorders in 10 SSA countries. DREAM is scaling up management of NCDs, including neurologic disorders such as stroke and epilepsy. We described challenges and solutions to address disruption and excess deaths from these diseases during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

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