scholarly journals “Tiryaq Arba” (a Polyherbal Unani Formulation) as Prophylactic Medicine Against Epidemics of Acute Respiratory Viral Infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shabnam Ansari ◽  
Ijhar Ahmad ◽  
Mahboob Ali ◽  
Mohd. Maaz
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Parainfluenza Virus ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Gentiana Lutea ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Type 3

: “Tiryaq Arba” is a polyherbal Unani formulation in a majoon dosage form that contains four herbal ingredients, namely habbul ghar (Laurus nobilis), juntiyana romi (Gentiana lutea), murr maki (Commiphora myrrha), and zarawand taweel (Aristolochia longa). The medicine has been used as an antidote against different poisons and as a prophylactic medicine before and/or during epidemics. The constituents have been proposed to act as anti-infective, anti-microbial, and antidote against various infectious agents during epidemics (waba). Scientific experimentation of the above-mentioned constituents has also reinforced their beneficial antiviral, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant properties against epidemics of acute respiratory viral infections such as; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), adenovirus, influenza and influenza A virus, respiratory syncytial virus infections, parainfluenza virus, human rhinovirus B, coxsackievirus, parainfluenza virus type 3, Newcastle disease virus, and influenza A virus, which are a greater cause for morbidity and mortality faced by the world, earlier and at present.

scholarly journals Surveillance of respiratory viral infections by rapid immunofluorescence diagnosis, with emphasis on the epidemiological development of respiratory syncytial virus infections

1985 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Ånestad
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Virus Diagnosis ◽  
Close Cooperation ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Simplified Procedure ◽  
Type 3

SUMMARYSurveillance of certain respiratory viral infections by applying immunofluorescence (IF) examinations to samples of nasopharyngeal secretions has been evaluated using a simplified procedure for the preparation of cell smears. Samples from 711 children living in different parts of Norway were examined during the winter 1982/83 and a positive diagnosis was made for 290 children (41%). Temporal epidemic peaks were observed for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus type 3 and influenza virus. On the other hand, the monthly number of negative samples was almost constant throughout the period. Differences in timing of RSV outbreaks were observed between two regions in Norway. Compared to rapid IF diagnosis, RSV notifications obtained by serological examinations were delayed by several weeks. Rapid virus diagnosis by IF examinations with our simplified procedure for preparation of nasopharyngeal samples seems to be suitable for the epidemiological surveillance of respiratory viral infections, both for its simplicity of preparation of the samples and for its accuracy in defining the time of the actual virus infection. Nevertheless, the method is not without pitfalls; a close cooperation between those who take the specimens and the laboratory is essential, and the IF examinations should be performed by an experienced microscopist.

Clinical use of Antiviral Drugs

1987 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 399-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milap C. Nahata
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Investigational Drug ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Herpes Encephalitis ◽  
Herpes Simplex Viruses ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Remarkable progress has been made in antiviral chemotherapy. Six approved antiviral drugs are now available for the treatment of various viral infections. Trifluridine, idoxuridine and vidarabine are all effective in patients with herpes keratitis; trifluridine is preferred due to its low toxicity. Acyclovir is the drug of choice in patients with infections due to herpes simplex viruses, including genital herpes, herpes encephalitis, and neonatal herpes, and infections due to varicella-zoster virus. Amantadine is the only drug currently available for prophylaxis and treatment of influenza A, but an investigational drug, rimantadine, appears to be equally effective and less toxic than amantadine. Ribavirin is the most recently approved antiviral agent for the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infections. Numerous antiviral drugs are being studied in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Although currently available drugs have improved our ability to manage a variety of viral illnesses, much needs to be learned about specific dosage guidelines based on the studies of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, potential adverse effects and viral resistance, and the role of combination therapy to optimize therapy.

scholarly journals Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated is required for the development of protective immune memory after influenza A virus infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 317 (5) ◽  
pp. L591-L601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Warren ◽  
William Domm ◽  
Min Yee ◽  
Andrew Campbell ◽  
Jane Malone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Ataxia Telangiectasia ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Immune Memory ◽  
Cell Memory ◽  
Memory Response ◽  
Secondary Infections ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections

Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), caused by mutations in the A-T mutated ( ATM) gene, is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting ∼1 in 40,000–100,000 children. Recurrent respiratory infections are a common and challenging comorbidity, often leading to the development of bronchiectasis in individuals with A-T. The role of ATM in development of immune memory in response to recurrent respiratory viral infections is not well understood. Here, we infect wild-type (WT) and Atm-null mice with influenza A virus (IAV; HKx31, H3N2) and interrogate the immune memory with secondary infections designed to challenge the B cell memory response with homologous infection (HKx31) and the T cell memory response with heterologous infection (PR8, H1N1). Although Atm-null mice survived primary and secondary infections, they lost more weight than WT mice during secondary infections. This enhanced morbidity to secondary infections was not attributed to failure to effectively clear virus during the primary IAV infection. Instead, Atm-null mice developed persistent peribronchial inflammation, characterized in part by clusters of B220+ B cells. Additionally, levels of select serum antibodies to hemagglutinin-specific IAV were significantly lower in Atm-null than WT mice. These findings reveal that Atm is required to mount a proper memory response to a primary IAV infection, implying that vaccination of children with A-T by itself may not be sufficiently protective against respiratory viral infections.

Nosocomial Viral Infections: I. Epidemiology and Significance

1980 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
William M. Valenti ◽  
Caroline Breese Hall ◽  
R. Gordon Douglas ◽  
Marilyn A. Menegus ◽  
Patricia H. Pincus
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Psychiatric Services ◽  
Parainfluenza Virus ◽  
Hospital Services ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Incubation Periods ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Hospital Acquired

AbstractViral illnesses in Strong Memorial Hospital were monitored over a 17-month period. Using criteria based primarily on the incubation periods for a number of common virus infections, the infections we found were classified as hospital- or community-acquired. Hospital-acquired viral infections occurred on most hospital services; the majority of infections occurred on the pediatric and psychiatric services. Infections due to herpesviruses were seen more frequently in a group of patients aged 14 years or older, while infections in patients aged three years or younger were more likely to be due to respiratory syncytial virus, influenzavirus, adenovirus, or parainfluenza virus. Patients with nosocomial infections due to viruses were hospitalized an average of 9.3 days longer than uninfected controls; thus nosocomial viral infections result in increased costs of hospitalization.

ABC of viral infections in hematology: focus on herpesviruses

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Styczyński
Keyword(s):  
Host Cell ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Form Of Life ◽  
Syncytial Virus

AbstractViruses are a form of life that possess genes but do not have a cellular structure. Viruses do not have their own metabolism, and they require a host cell to make new products; therefore, they cannot naturally reproduce outside a host cell. The objective of this paper is to present the basic practical clinical roles of viruses in patients with hematological diseases including malignancies and non-malignan- cies, as well as those undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), with the focus on herpesviruses causing latent infections in severely immunocompromised patients. From the hematologist point of view, viruses can play a major role in four conditions: causing infections; causing lymphoproliferations and/or malignancies; causing (pan)cytopenia; and used as vectors in treatment (e.g., gene therapy, CAR-T cells). Taking into account the role of viruses in hematology, infection is the most frequent condition. Among DNA viruses, the highest morbidity potential for human is expressed by Herpesviridiae (herpesviruses), Adenoviridae (adenovirus; ADV), Polyomavirus (BKV, JCV), and Bocavirus. RNA viruses can play a role in pathogenesis of different clinical conditions and diseases: lymphoproliferative disorders and malignancy, possibly causing NHL, AML, MDS, and others (HCV, HIV, and others); pancytopenia and aplastic anemia (HIV, HCV, Dengue virus); respiratory infections (community-acquired respiratory virus infections; CARV) caused by Orthomyxoviruses (e.g. influenza A/B), Paramyxoviruses (e.g. human parainfluenza virus PIV-1, -2, -3, and -4; respiratory syncytial virus RSV-A and -B), picornaviruses (e.g., human rhinovirus), coronaviruses (e.g., human coronavirus), Pneumoviridiae (e.g., human metapneumovirus), and potentially other viruses.

scholarly journals Endothelial Dysfunction through Oxidatively Generated Epigenetic Mark in Respiratory Viral Infections

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3067
Author(s):  
Spiros Vlahopoulos ◽  
Ke Wang ◽  
Yaoyao Xue ◽  
Xu Zheng ◽  
Istvan Boldogh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Pulmonary Complications ◽  
Epigenetic Mark ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Syncytial Virus

The bronchial vascular endothelial network plays important roles in pulmonary pathology during respiratory viral infections, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza A(H1N1) and importantly SARS-Cov-2. All of these infections can be severe and even lethal in patients with underlying risk factors.A major obstacle in disease prevention is the lack of appropriate efficacious vaccine(s) due to continuous changes in the encoding capacity of the viral genome, exuberant responsiveness of the host immune system and lack of effective antiviral drugs. Current management of these severe respiratory viral infections is limited to supportive clinical care. The primary cause of morbidity and mortality is respiratory failure, partially due to endothelial pulmonary complications, including edema. The latter is induced by the loss of alveolar epithelium integrity and by pathological changes in the endothelial vascular network that regulates blood flow, blood fluidity, exchange of fluids, electrolytes, various macromolecules and responses to signals triggered by oxygenation, and controls trafficking of leukocyte immune cells. This overview outlines the latest understanding of the implications of pulmonary vascular endothelium involvement in respiratory distress syndrome secondary to viral infections. In addition, the roles of infection-induced cytokines, growth factors, and epigenetic reprogramming in endothelial permeability, as well as emerging treatment options to decrease disease burden, are discussed.

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