ABC of viral infections in hematology: focus on herpesviruses

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Styczyński
Keyword(s):  
Host Cell ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Form Of Life ◽  
Syncytial Virus

AbstractViruses are a form of life that possess genes but do not have a cellular structure. Viruses do not have their own metabolism, and they require a host cell to make new products; therefore, they cannot naturally reproduce outside a host cell. The objective of this paper is to present the basic practical clinical roles of viruses in patients with hematological diseases including malignancies and non-malignan- cies, as well as those undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), with the focus on herpesviruses causing latent infections in severely immunocompromised patients. From the hematologist point of view, viruses can play a major role in four conditions: causing infections; causing lymphoproliferations and/or malignancies; causing (pan)cytopenia; and used as vectors in treatment (e.g., gene therapy, CAR-T cells). Taking into account the role of viruses in hematology, infection is the most frequent condition. Among DNA viruses, the highest morbidity potential for human is expressed by Herpesviridiae (herpesviruses), Adenoviridae (adenovirus; ADV), Polyomavirus (BKV, JCV), and Bocavirus. RNA viruses can play a role in pathogenesis of different clinical conditions and diseases: lymphoproliferative disorders and malignancy, possibly causing NHL, AML, MDS, and others (HCV, HIV, and others); pancytopenia and aplastic anemia (HIV, HCV, Dengue virus); respiratory infections (community-acquired respiratory virus infections; CARV) caused by Orthomyxoviruses (e.g. influenza A/B), Paramyxoviruses (e.g. human parainfluenza virus PIV-1, -2, -3, and -4; respiratory syncytial virus RSV-A and -B), picornaviruses (e.g., human rhinovirus), coronaviruses (e.g., human coronavirus), Pneumoviridiae (e.g., human metapneumovirus), and potentially other viruses.

Clinical use of Antiviral Drugs

1987 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 399-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milap C. Nahata
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Investigational Drug ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Herpes Encephalitis ◽  
Herpes Simplex Viruses ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Remarkable progress has been made in antiviral chemotherapy. Six approved antiviral drugs are now available for the treatment of various viral infections. Trifluridine, idoxuridine and vidarabine are all effective in patients with herpes keratitis; trifluridine is preferred due to its low toxicity. Acyclovir is the drug of choice in patients with infections due to herpes simplex viruses, including genital herpes, herpes encephalitis, and neonatal herpes, and infections due to varicella-zoster virus. Amantadine is the only drug currently available for prophylaxis and treatment of influenza A, but an investigational drug, rimantadine, appears to be equally effective and less toxic than amantadine. Ribavirin is the most recently approved antiviral agent for the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infections. Numerous antiviral drugs are being studied in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Although currently available drugs have improved our ability to manage a variety of viral illnesses, much needs to be learned about specific dosage guidelines based on the studies of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, potential adverse effects and viral resistance, and the role of combination therapy to optimize therapy.

scholarly journals A comparison of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus infections among infants admitted to hospital with acute respiratory infections

1976 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. O. Caul ◽  
D. K. Waller ◽  
S. K. R. Clarke ◽  
B. D. Corner
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
One Year

SUMMARYAmong 741 children under 5 years admitted to hospital with respiratory infections during two winters, infection with influenza A virus was diagnosed in 70 (9%), with influenza B virus in 8 (1%), and with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in 259 (35 %). Both influenza virus and RSV infections were diagnosed most frequently in children under the age of one year, and diagnosed more frequently in males than females. Influenza illnesses were more severe in boys than girls. Both infections occurred more often, but were not more severe, in children from a conurbation than in those from ‘rural’ areas. Convulsions were the cause of 36% of admissions with influenza A infections, but were rare in RSV infections. Bronchiolitis was the reason for 39% of admissions with RSV infections, but was rare in influenza infections. It is suggested that infants admitted to hospital are a good source of influenza virus strains for monitoring arttigenic variation.

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of acute respiratory virus infections in Vietnamese children

2015 ◽  
Vol 144 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. TRAN ◽  
Q. D. TRINH ◽  
N. T. K. PHAM ◽  
M. P. VU ◽  
M. T. HA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Ho Chi Minh City ◽  
Human Bocavirus ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Virus Infections ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

SUMMARYInformation about viral acute respiratory infections (ARIs) is essential for prevention, diagnosis and treatment, but it is limited in tropical developing countries. This study described the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of ARIs in children hospitalized in Vietnam. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected from children with ARIs at Ho Chi Minh City Children's Hospital 2 between April 2010 and May 2011 in order to detect respiratory viruses by polymerase chain reaction. Viruses were found in 64% of 1082 patients, with 12% being co-infections. The leading detected viruses were human rhinovirus (HRV; 30%), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV; 23·8%), and human bocavirus (HBoV; 7·2%). HRV was detected all year round, while RSV epidemics occurred mainly in the rainy season. Influenza A (FluA) was found in both seasons. The other viruses were predominant in the dry season. HRV was identified in children of all age groups. RSV, parainfluenza virus (PIV) 1, PIV3 and HBoV, and FluA were detected predominantly in children aged <6 months, 6–12 months, 12–24 months, and >24 months, respectively. Significant associations were found between PIV1 with croup (P < 0·005) and RSV with bronchiolitis (P < 0·005). HBoV and HRV were associated with hypoxia (P < 0·05) and RSV with retraction (P < 0·05). HRV, RSV, and HBoV were detected most frequently and they may increase the severity of ARIs in children.

scholarly journals Comparison of rates of hospitalization between single and dual virus detection in a Mexican cohort of children and adults with influenza-like illness

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel E Noyola ◽  
Sally Hunsberger ◽  
Raydel Valdés Salgado ◽  
John H Powers ◽  
Arturo Galindo-Fraga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Influenza Like Illness ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Abstract Background Molecular detection methods allow for the simultaneous detection of several infectious agents. This study assesses whether co-infection with two viruses as compared to one is associated with increased hospitalization in those with acute respiratory infections. Methods We prospectively enrolled a cohort of pediatric and adult participants with influenza-like illness during 2010-2014 in Mexico. Clinical information and respiratory samples were collected at enrollment. Respiratory viruses were detected with multiplex PCR and influenza specific RT-PCR assays. Participants were followed-up 14 and 28 days after inclusion. Severity of disease as measured by hospitalization with acute respiratory infections was compared between single and dual viral infections. Results Among 5,662 participants in the study, either one (n=3,285) or two (n=641) viruses were detected in 3,926 participants. Rhinovirus (n=1,433), influenza (n=888), and coronaviruses (n=703) were the most frequently detected viruses (either alone or in co-infection). Bocavirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), metapneumovirus, and rhinovirus cases were hospitalized more often than other viruses. Bocavirus+rhinovirus cases were hospitalized more often than those with rhinovirus alone (but not bocavirus alone). RSV cases were more likely to be hospitalized than cases with co-infections of RSV and parainfluenza virus or coronavirus. Metapneumovirus cases were hospitalized more often than those co-infected with metapneumovirus+coronavirus. Conclusions In this study, detection of two viruses did not significantly increase hospitalizations compared with single virus infections. Larger studies will allow for distinguishing between sequential and simultaneous infection as well as for a better understanding of the role of each virus during the evolution of acute respiratory episodes.

Ribavirin

1984 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-138 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Aerosol Therapy ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Antiviral Effects ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Rna And Dna

Despite the plethora of antibiotics available for the treatment of bacterial infections, very few agents have been developed to treat viral diseases. Ribavirin (Virazole) is a triazole nucleoside antiviral agent that produces selective antiviral effects against a broad spectrum of RNA and DNA viruses. The drug has been effective in the treatment of naturally occurring influenza A and B infections when administered by aerosol; oral administration has been ineffective. Ribavirin aerosol therapy also has proven effective to reduce symptoms of respiratory syncytial virus infections in young adults and hospitalized neonates. Ribavirin aerosol may be the first antiviral agent to treat these common diseases.

scholarly journals “Tiryaq Arba” (a Polyherbal Unani Formulation) as Prophylactic Medicine Against Epidemics of Acute Respiratory Viral Infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shabnam Ansari ◽  
Ijhar Ahmad ◽  
Mahboob Ali ◽  
Mohd. Maaz
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Parainfluenza Virus ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Gentiana Lutea ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Type 3

: “Tiryaq Arba” is a polyherbal Unani formulation in a majoon dosage form that contains four herbal ingredients, namely habbul ghar (Laurus nobilis), juntiyana romi (Gentiana lutea), murr maki (Commiphora myrrha), and zarawand taweel (Aristolochia longa). The medicine has been used as an antidote against different poisons and as a prophylactic medicine before and/or during epidemics. The constituents have been proposed to act as anti-infective, anti-microbial, and antidote against various infectious agents during epidemics (waba). Scientific experimentation of the above-mentioned constituents has also reinforced their beneficial antiviral, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant properties against epidemics of acute respiratory viral infections such as; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), adenovirus, influenza and influenza A virus, respiratory syncytial virus infections, parainfluenza virus, human rhinovirus B, coxsackievirus, parainfluenza virus type 3, Newcastle disease virus, and influenza A virus, which are a greater cause for morbidity and mortality faced by the world, earlier and at present.

scholarly journals Acute respiratory viral infections in children in Rio de Janeiro and Teresópolis, Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 249-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Carolina M. Albuquerque ◽  
Rafael B. Varella ◽  
Norma Santos
Keyword(s):  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections

The frequency of viral pathogens causing respiratory infections in children in the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Teresópolis was investigated. Nasal swabs from children with acute respiratory illnesses were collected between March 2006 and October 2007. Specimens were tested for viral detection by conventional (RT)-PCR and/or real time PCR. Of the 205 nasal swabs tested, 64 (31.2%) were positive for at least one of the viral pathogens. Single infections were detected in 56 samples, 50 of those were caused by RNA viruses: 33 samples tested positive for rhinovirus, five for influenza A, five for metapneumovirus, four for coronavirus and, three for respiratory syncytial virus. For the DNA viruses, five samples were positive for bocavirus and one for adenovirus. Co-infections with these viruses were detected in eight samples. Our data demonstrate a high frequency of viral respiratory infections, emphasizing the need for a more accurate diagnosis particularly for the emerging respiratory viruses. The fact that the emerging respiratory viruses were present in 9.2% of the tested samples suggests that these viruses could be important respiratory pathogens in the country.

Antiviral Activity ofFolium IsatidisDerived ExtractsIn VitroandIn Vivo

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (04) ◽  
pp. 957-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
You-Ping Deng ◽  
Yuan-Yuan Liu ◽  
Zhao Liu ◽  
Jin Li ◽  
Ling-Min Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Adenovirus Type ◽  
Coxsackie Virus ◽  
Herbaceous Plant ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Folium isatidis is a native Chinese herbaceous plant widely used for medicinal purposes for thousands of years. However, few studies have focused on the leaves of Isatis indigotica. In this report, we isolated a series of four fractions (I–IV) from Folium isatidis and explored the antiviral activity of each tested extract. The extracts were active against a panel of RNA and DNA viruses in vitro, namely influenza A virus (IAV), coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and adenovirus type 7 (Ad-7). Oral administration of 200 mg/kg/d of fraction III in mice exerted strong antiviral effects in viral replication, accompanied by prolonged survival rate, attenuated lung tissue damage as well as significant reductions in pulmonary virus titers and lung index. Our results provide the first biochemical evidence that Folium isatidis and its extracts could be used as potential antiviral agent in the postexposure prophylaxis for multiple viral infections.

Human rhinovirus infections in hospitalized children: clinical, epidemiological and virological features

2015 ◽  
Vol 144 (2) ◽  
pp. 346-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. TRAN ◽  
Q. D. TRINH ◽  
N. T. K. PHAM ◽  
T. M. H. PHAM ◽  
M. T. HA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Human Rhinovirus ◽  
Hospitalized Children ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Syncytial Virus

SUMMARYMolecular epidemiology and clinical impact of human rhinovirus (HRV) are not well documented in tropical regions. This study compared the clinical characteristics of HRV to other common viral infections and investigated the molecular epidemiology of HRV in hospitalized children with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in Vietnam. From April 2010 to May 2011, 1082 nasopharyngeal swabs were screened for respiratory viruses by PCR. VP4/VP2 sequences of HRV were further characterized. HRV was the most commonly detected virus (30%), in which 70% were diagnosed as either pneumonia or bronchiolitis. Children with single HRV infections presented with significantly higher rate of hypoxia than those infected with respiratory syncytial virus or parainfluenza virus (PIV)-3 (12·4% vs. 3·8% and 0%, respectively, P < 0·05), higher rate of chest retraction than PIV-1 (57·3% vs. 34·5%, P = 0·028), higher rate of wheezing than influenza A (63·2% vs. 42·3%, P = 0·038). HRV-C did not differ to HRV-A clinically. The genetic diversity and changes of types over time were observed and may explain the year-round circulation of HRV. One novel HRV-A type was discovered which circulated locally for several years. In conclusion, HRV showed high genetic diversity and was associated with significant morbidity and severe ARIs in hospitalized children.

scholarly journals Mapping Molecular Gene Signatures Among Respiratory Viruses Based on Large-Scale and Genome-wide Transcriptomics Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Smith ◽  
Mohammed A. Rohaim ◽  
Muhammad Munir
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an emerging RNA virus causing COVID-19 disease across the globe. SARS-CoV-2 infected patients exhibit acute respiratory distress syndrome which can be compounded by endemic respiratory viruses and thus highlighting the need to understand the genetic bases of clinical outcome under multiple respiratory infections. In this study, 42 individual datasets and a multi-parametric based selected list of over 12,000 genes against five medically important respiratory viruses (SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, influenza A, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus were collected and analysed in an attempt to understand differentially regulated gene patterns and to cast genetic markers of individual and multiple co-infections. While a certain cohort of virus-specific genes were regulated (negatively and positively), notably results revealed a greatest correlation among gene regulation by SARS-CoV-2 and RSV. Furthermore, out of analysed genes, the MAP2K5 and NFKBIL1 were specifically and highly upregulated in SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo or in vitro. In contrast, several genes including GPBAR1 and SC5DL were specifically downregulated in SARS-CoV-2 datasets. Additionally, we catalogued a set of genes that were conserved or differentially regulated across all the respiratory viruses. These finding provide foundational and genome-wide data to gauge the markers of respiratory viral infections individually and under co-infection.

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