Investigation of Potassium Chloride for Euthanasia of Anesthetized Marine Toads (Rhinella marina)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan M. Louis ◽  
Gregory Scott ◽  
Dustin Smith ◽  
Brigid V. Troan ◽  
Larry J. Minter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Spontaneous Movement ◽  
Limits Of Detection ◽  
Rhinella Marina ◽  
Loss Of Righting Reflex ◽  
Righting Reflex ◽  
Technique Failure

Euthanasia techniques in amphibians are poorly described and sparsely validated. This study investigated potassium chloride (KCl) for euthanasia of anesthetized marine toads ( Rhinella marina ). Twenty three toads were immersed in buffered MS-222 (2 g/L) for five minutes (min) beyond loss of righting reflex, manually removed, and randomly administered KCl (n = 6/group) via one of three routes: intracardiac at 10 mEq/kg (IC), intracoelomic at 100 mEq/kg (ICe), or immersion at 4500 mEq/L (IMS) or no treatment (C) (n = 5/group). Doppler sounds were assessed continuously from prior to treatment until two min post-treatment and every five min thereafter until sound cessation or resumption of spontaneous movement. Plasma potassium concentration (K+) was measured at the time of Doppler sound cessation in ICe and IMS. In IC, ICe, IMS, and C, Doppler sound cessation occurred in 4/6, 6/6, 6/6, and 1/5 toads with median (range) or mean + SD times of 0.23 (0-4.65), 17.5 + 9.0, 40.6 + 10.9, and >420 min, respectively. Nonsuccess in 2/6 toads in IC was suspected due to technique failure. Plasma K+ exceeded the limits of detection (>9 mmol/L) in 12/12 toads in ICe and IMS. Five of six toads in C resumed spontaneous movement at median (range) times of 327 (300-367) min. KCl delivered via an intracardiac, intracoelomic, or immersion routes resulted in Doppler sound cessation in 16 of 18 toads and may be appropriate for euthanasia of anesthetized marine toads.

scholarly journals Correcting hypokalaemia in a paediatric patient with Bartter syndrome through oral dose of potassium chloride intravenous solution

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 2050313X2110197
Author(s):  
Salman Alasfour ◽  
Haya S Alfailakawi ◽  
Yousif A Shamsaldeen
Keyword(s):  
Paediatric Patient ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Serum Potassium ◽  
Nasogastric Tube ◽  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Bartter Syndrome ◽  
Intravenous Route ◽  
Serum Potassium Concentration ◽  
Main Challenge

Bartter syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by hypokalaemia. Hypokalaemia is defined as low serum potassium concentration ˂3.5 mmol/L, which may lead to arrhythmia and death if left untreated. The aim of this case report was to normalize serum potassium concentration without the need for intravenous intervention. A 5-month-old male of 2.7 kg body weight diagnosed with Bartter syndrome was admitted to the general paediatric ward with acute severe hypokalaemia and urinary tract infection. The main challenge was the inability to administer drugs through intravenous route due to compromised body size. Therefore, we shifted the route of administration to the nasogastric tube/oral route. A total of 2 mL of concentrated intravenous potassium chloride (4 mEq potassium) were dissolved in distilled water and administered through nasogastric tube. Serum potassium concentration was rapidly normalized, which culminated in patient discharge. In conclusion, shifting drug administration from intravenous to oral route in a paediatric patient with Bartter syndrome includes numerous advantages such as patient convenience, minimized risk of cannula-induced infection, and reduced nurse workload.

scholarly journals Association between Blood Potassium Level and Recovery of Postoperative Gastrointestinal Motility during Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Patient Undergoing Open Abdominal Surgery

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Yi Yang ◽  
Jingjuan Yang ◽  
Xiner Yao ◽  
Yu Cui ◽  
Xiabing Lang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Surgery ◽  
Gastrointestinal Motility ◽  
Potassium Level ◽  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Postoperative Recovery ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Open Abdominal Surgery ◽  
Blood Potassium

Background. The aim of this study was to identify the blood potassium level beneficial to the postoperative recovery of gastrointestinal motility during continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in patient undergoing open abdominal surgery. Materials and Methods. 538 critically ill patients after open abdominal surgery and receiving CRRT were retrospectively recruited as the study cohort. Demographic and clinical data were recorded along with an evaluation of the postoperative gastrointestinal motility. Results. Correlation analysis was used to assess the correlation coefficient, and then the variables with correlation coefficient value less than 0.5 were included in the binary logistic regression model. Binary logistic regression model indicated that the postoperative blood potassium level was independently associated with the recovery of gastrointestinal motility (OR=0.109, 95% CI= 0.063 to 0.190, p<0.001). Based on the normal range of blood potassium level, we selected the cut-off point of blood potassium level via Weight of Evidence analysis, which was 4.00 mmol/L. Compared with the patients with insufficient blood potassium levels (plasma potassium concentration < 4.00 mmol/L), those with sufficient blood potassium levels (plasma potassium concentration≥ 4.00 mmol/L) conferred an increase in the rate of 4-day postoperative recovery of gastrointestinal motility (OR= 4.425, 95% CI = 2.933 to 6.667, p<0.001). Conclusions. Maintaining the blood potassium concentrations at a relatively high level of the normal blood potassium range during CRRT would be beneficial to postoperative recovery of gastrointestinal motility.

scholarly journals Plasma and Electrolyte Changes in Exercising Humans After Ingestion of Multiple Boluses of Pickle Juice

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. McKenney ◽  
Kevin C. Miller ◽  
James E. Deal ◽  
Julie A. Garden-Robinson ◽  
Yeong S. Rhee
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Blood Sample ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Plasma Sodium Concentration

Context: Twenty-five percent of athletic trainers administer pickle juice (PJ) to treat cramping. Anecdotally, some clinicians provide multiple boluses of PJ during exercise but warn that repeated ingestion of PJ may cause hyperkalemia. To our knowledge, no researchers have examined the effect of ingesting multiple boluses of PJ on the same day or the effect of ingestion during exercise. Objective: To determine the short-term effects of ingesting a single bolus or multiple boluses of PJ on plasma variables and to characterize changes in plasma variables when individuals ingest PJ and resume exercise. Design: Crossover study. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Nine euhydrated men (age = 23 ± 4 years, height = 180.9 ± 5.8 cm, mass = 80.7 ± 13.8 kg, urine specific gravity = 1.009 ± 0.005). Intervention(s): On 3 days, participants rested for 30 minutes, and then a blood sample was collected. Participants ingested 0 or 1 bolus (1 mL·kg−1 body weight) of PJ, donned sweat suits, biked vigorously for 30 minutes (approximate temperature = 37°C, relative humidity = 18%), and had a blood sample collected. They either rested for 60 seconds (0- and 1-bolus conditions) or ingested a second 1 mL·kg−1 body weight bolus of PJ (2-bolus condition). They resumed exercise for another 35 minutes. A third blood sample was collected, and they exited the environmental chamber and rested for 60 minutes (approximate temperature = 21°C, relative humidity = 18%). Blood samples were collected at 30 and 60 minutes postexercise. Main Outcome Measure(s): Plasma sodium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, plasma osmolality, and changes in plasma volume. Results: The number of PJ boluses ingested did not affect plasma sodium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, plasma osmolality, or changes in plasma volume over time. The plasma sodium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, and plasma osmolality did not exceed 144.6 mEq·L−1 (144.6 mmol·L−1), 4.98 mEq·L−1 (4.98 mmol·L−1), and 289.5 mOsm·kg−1H2O, respectively, in any condition at any time. Conclusions: Ingesting up to 2 boluses of PJ and resuming exercise caused negligible changes in blood variables. Ingesting up to 2 boluses of PJ did not increase plasma sodium concentration or cause hyperkalemia.

Effect of insulin on renal potassium metabolism

1987 ◽  
Vol 252 (1) ◽  
pp. F60-F64 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Rossetti ◽  
G. Klein-Robbenhaar ◽  
G. Giebisch ◽  
D. Smith ◽  
R. DeFronzo
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Insulin Dose ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Potassium Excretion ◽  
Insulin Clamp ◽  
Urinary Potassium ◽  
Plasma Insulin Levels ◽  
Renal Potassium Excretion

The effect of insulin on renal potassium excretion was examined by employing the euglycemic insulin clamp technique in combination with renal clearance measurements. While euglycemia was maintained, insulin was infused at rates of 4.8 (n = 7) and 12 (n = 5) mU X kg-1 X min-1. Steady-state plasma insulin levels of 164 +/- 8 and 370 +/- 15 microU/ml were achieved in the low- and high-dose studies, respectively. Base-line plasma potassium concentration declined progressively by a mean of 0.14 +/- 0.09 (P less than 0.05) and 0.40 +/- 0.05 meq/liter (P less than 0.01) during the low- and high-dose insulin infusion protocols. Urinary potassium excretion did not change significantly from base line with either insulin dose. Because the decline in plasma potassium concentration could have masked a stimulatory effect of insulin on UKV, six rats received a 12-mU X kg-1 X min-1 euglycemic insulin clamp in combination with an exogenous potassium infusion to maintain the plasma potassium concentration constant at the basal level (4.03 +/- 0.03 vs. 4.05 +/- 0.05 meq/l). Under these conditions of normokalemia, insulin augmented UKV 2.4-fold, from 0.20 +/- 0.05 to 0.48 +/- 0.04 meq/l (P less than 0.001).

Effects of sodium intake on steady-state potassium excretion

1984 ◽  
Vol 246 (6) ◽  
pp. F772-F778 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Young ◽  
T. E. Jackson ◽  
U. Tipayamontri ◽  
R. C. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Potassium Excretion ◽  
Distal Nephron ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Potassium Intake ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
The Relationship

The effects of changes in sodium intake on the steady-state relationship between plasma potassium concentration and potassium excretion were studied in 15 chronically adrenalectomized dogs. Throughout the experiments the dogs received aldosterone at a rate of 50 micrograms/day and methylprednisolone at 1 mg/day. The relationship between plasma potassium and steady-state potassium excretion was obtained by changing potassium intake from 10 to 30 to 100 meq/day, each level being maintained for 7-10 days. At the conclusion of each period at a given level of potassium intake, plasma potassium and excretion were measured and plotted, plasma potassium being the independent variable. Such a relationship was obtained while the dogs were on three different levels of sodium intake: 10, 100, and 200 meq/day. The curves from the data obtained at 100 and 200 meq/day sodium intake both were shifted to the left of the curve obtained at 10 meq/day (P less than 0.05), although the 100 and 200 meq/day curves were not different from each other. On the basis of these data one could predict that, at a plasma potassium concentration of 4.0 meq/liter, the animals would excrete potassium at a rate of 17 meq/day on a 10 meq/day sodium intake, 37 meq/day on a 100 meq/day sodium intake, and 47 meq/day on a 200 meq/day sodium intake. Urine flow and electrolyte concentration data are consistent with the hypothesis that the sodium intake effect on potassium excretion was mediated through increases in distal nephron flow rate and decreases in distal nephron potassium concentration.

Adrenocortical hormone secretory response to chronic NH4Cl-induced metabolic acidosis

1987 ◽  
Vol 252 (4) ◽  
pp. E454-E460 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Schambelan ◽  
A. Sebastian ◽  
B. A. Katuna ◽  
E. Arteaga
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Plasma Aldosterone ◽  
Aldosterone Secretion ◽  
Plasma Aldosterone Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Adrenocortical Hormone

We examined the effect of chronic metabolic acidosis on adrenocortical hormone production by administering NH4Cl for 5 days to four normal subjects. Plasma aldosterone concentration, aldosterone secretion, and urinary excretion of aldosterone-18-glucuronide increased significantly, whereas there were no significant changes in the plasma concentrations of cortisol, corticosterone, or deoxycorticosterone, or in the urinary excretion of 17-hydroxycorticoids. By day 2, plasma renin activity (PRA) and concentration (PRC) were not significantly different from control, and the slope of the regression line relating plasma aldosterone concentration to PRA was significantly greater than the slope in the control period, i.e., the sensitivity of aldosterone secretion to renin stimulation was increased. By day 5, however, PRA and PRC were increased above control. Plasma potassium concentration did not change significantly. Thus chronic NH4Cl-induced acidosis induces a sustained stimulation of aldosterone secretion in the absence of a change in adrenocorticotropin-dependent adrenocortical hormone secretion. Factors other than an increase in renin secretion and plasma potassium concentration may be involved in at least the early phase of aldosterone stimulation, suggesting that plasma hydrogen ion concentration might be a separate regulator of aldosterone secretion.

scholarly journals CHANGES IN PLASMA POTASSIUM CONCENTRATION AFTER DEPOLARIZING BLOCKERS IN ANAESTHETIZED MAN

1969 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 1048-1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.D. WEINTRAUB ◽  
D.V. HEISTERKAMP ◽  
L.H. COOPERMAN
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Potassium

Stereoselective Loss of Righting Reflex in Rats by Isoflurane

2000 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 837-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Dickinson ◽  
Ian White ◽  
William R. Lieb ◽  
Nicholas P. Franks
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Targets ◽  
Maximal Effect ◽  
General Anesthetics ◽  
General Anesthetic ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Loss Of Righting Reflex ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Righting Reflex ◽  
Volatile Agents

Background Although it is accepted widely that optically active intravenous general anesthetics produce stereoselective effects in animals, the situation regarding volatile agents is confused. Conventional studies with scarce isoflurane enantiomers have been limited to small numbers of animals and produced conflicting results. By injecting these volatile enantiomers intravenously, however, it is possible to study large numbers of animals and obtain reliable results that can help to identify the molecular targets for isoflurane. Methods Pure isoflurane enantiomers were administered intravenously to rats after solubilization in a lipid emulsion. The ability of each enantiomer to produce a loss of righting reflex was determined as a function of dose, and quantal dose-response curves were constructed. In addition, sleep times were recorded with each enantiomer. Chiral gas chromatography was used to measure relative enantiomer concentrations in the brains of rats injected with racemic isoflurane. Results The S(+)-enantiomer was 40 +/- 8% more potent than the R(-)-enantiomer at producing a loss of righting reflex. The S(+)-enantiomer induced longer sleep times (by about 50%) than did the R(-)-enantiomer. Rats anesthetized by a dose of racemic isoflurane sufficient to achieve a half-maximal effect had essentially identical brain concentrations of the two enantiomers. Conclusions The S(+)-enantiomer of the general anesthetic isoflurane is significantly (P &lt; 0.001) more potent than the R(-)-enantiomer at causing a loss of righting reflex in rats. This confirms the view that isoflurane acts by binding to chiral sites. The observed degree of stereoselectivity provides a useful guide for ascertaining from in vitro experiments which molecular targets are most likely to play major roles in the loss of righting reflex caused by isoflurane.

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