The Origins of Fair Play

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Binmore
Keyword(s):  
Deep Structure ◽  
Coordination Games ◽  
Folk Theorem ◽  
Original Position ◽  
Fair Play ◽  
Justice As Fairness ◽  
Natural Justice ◽  
Common Structure ◽  
The Common ◽  
Fairness Norms

This lecture gives a brief overview of an evolutionary theory of fairness. Most of the ideas discussed in the lecture can be found in the book Natural Justice. The lecture begins by determining how and why the norms of fairness evolved, and examines the device of the original position. This device is the stylised form of the common structure underlying all fairness norms. The lecture then looks at the possibility of having justice as fairness, pure foraging societies, and the basics of game theory. Coordination games, reciprocity, the folk theorem, selecting equilibria, and the deep structure of fairness are some of the concepts discussed in detail in this lecture.

Is Rawlsian Justice Bad for the Environment?

2006 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Schramme
Keyword(s):  
Original Position ◽  
Environmental Resources ◽  
Justice As Fairness ◽  
Theory Of Justice ◽  
Rational Alternative ◽  
The Common ◽  
Rawlsian Justice ◽  
Relative Scarcity

AbstractIn this paper I show that Rawls’s contract apparatus in A Theory of Justice depends on a particular presumption that is in conflict with the goal of conserving environmental resources. He presumes that parties in the original position want as many resources as possible. I challenge Rawls’s approach by introducing a rational alternative to maximising. The strategy of satisficing merely goes for what is good enough. However, it seems that under conditions of scarcity Rawls’s maximising strategy is the only rational alternative. I therefore scrutinise the common account of scarcity. I distinguish between absolute and relative scarcity in order to show that scarcity is influenced by our decisions. If we would not accept the claim to as much as possible without further legitimisation, like Rawls does, then scarcity might not be as severe a problem. Finally, I reject Rawls’s proposed solution for dealing with problems of sustainability, namely his idea of the just savings principle. I conclude that Rawlsian Justice as Fairness is bad for the environment.

scholarly journals The savings problem in the original position: assessing and revising a model

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 269-289
Author(s):  
Eric Brandstedt
Keyword(s):  
Overlapping Generations ◽  
Alternative Solution ◽  
Original Position ◽  
Intergenerational Justice ◽  
Justice As Fairness ◽  
Theory Of Justice ◽  
Primary Goods ◽  
The Common

AbstractThe common conception of justice as reciprocity seemingly is inapplicable to relations between non-overlapping generations. This is a challenge also to John Rawls’s theory of justice as fairness. This text responds to this by way of reinterpreting and developing Rawls’s theory. First, by examining the original position as a model, some revisions of it are shown to be wanting. Second, by drawing on the methodology of constructivism, an alternative solution is proposed: an amendment to the primary goods named ‘sustainability of values’. This revised original position lends support to intergenerational justice as fairness.

scholarly journals From Norms to Facts: The Realization of Rights in Common and Civil Private Law

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helge Dedek
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Deep Structure ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Judicial Decision Making ◽  
Legal Traditions ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Common ◽  
Legal Concepts ◽  
The Ideal

Every legal system that ties judicial decision making to a body of preconceived norms has to face the tension between the normative formulation of the ideal and its approximation in social reality. In the parlance of the common law, it is, more concretely, the remedy that bridges the gap between the ideal and the real, or, rather, between norms and facts. In the common law world—particularly in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth—a lively discourse has developed around the question of how rights relate to remedies. To the civilian legal scholar—used to thinking within a framework that strictly categorizes terms like substance and procedure, subjective right, action, and execution—the concept of remedy remains a mystery. The lack of “remedy” in the vocabulary of the civil law is more than just a matter of attaching different labels to functional equivalents, it is the expression of a different way of thinking about law. Only if a legal system is capable of satisfactorily transposing the abstract discourse of the law into social reality does the legal machinery fulfill its purpose: due to the pivotal importance of this translational process, the way it is cast in legal concepts thus allows for an insight into the deep structure of a legal culture, and, convergence notwithstanding, the remaining epistemological differences between the legal traditions of the West. A mixed jurisdiction must reflect upon these differences in order to understand its own condition and to define its future course.

A broader picture

2019 ◽  
pp. 141-162
Author(s):  
Johan P. Mackenbach
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequality ◽  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Capabilities Approach ◽  
State Reform ◽  
Justice As Fairness ◽  
Active Labour ◽  
Theories Of Justice ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
The Common ◽  
Reducing Costs

Chapter 5 (‘A broader picture’) first discusses why not only health inequalities, but also social inequality is so persistent. After reviewing sociological theories from both the ‘functionalist’ and ‘conflict’ traditions, it chooses a middle road which acknowledges the ineradicable nature of social inequality. It then describes recent trends in welfare state reform, and identifies several areas, such as pensions and active labour market policies, where more attention to health inequalities is required. It also evaluates the common intuition that health inequalities are ‘unjust’, by applying five theories of justice (‘equality of welfare’, ‘capabilities approach’, ‘luck egalitarianism’, ‘justice as fairness’, and ‘equality of opportunity’). It concludes that, although health inequalities are not simply a form of social injustice, there are several compelling reasons to reduce health inequalities, including avoiding accumulation of disadvantage, solidarity with the less well-off, and reducing costs to society.

Mechanism of interference with the Jaffé reaction for creatinine.

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 1129-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
M H Kroll ◽  
N A Roach ◽  
B Poe ◽  
R J Elin
Keyword(s):  
Carbonyl Group ◽  
Equilibrium Constants ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Cyclic Ketones ◽  
Common Structure ◽  
Aliphatic Ketones ◽  
Rate Of Reaction ◽  
The Common

Abstract We investigated the mechanism of the Jaffé reaction for determination of creatinine by studying the spectrophotometric, kinetic, and equilibrium properties of the reaction of picrate with creatinine and with cyclic and aliphatic ketones. Absorbance spectra for the reaction products of picrate with all the ketones were superimposable with that of creatinine (Amax, 490 nm). Cyclic ketones not containing nitrogen had a molar absorptivity less than half that of creatinine and equilibrium constants approximately 0.01 that of creatinine. Aliphatic ketones, except for benzylacetone, had molar absorptivities similar to that of creatinine, but all of these compounds had equilibrium constants approximately a tenth or less that of creatinine. The common structure for all of the compounds reacting with picrate is the carbonyl group. The variable magnitude of interference for aliphatic and cyclic ketones is ascribable to the different rate constants, molar absorptivities, and equilibrium constants as compared with creatinine. Structures adjacent to the carbonyl group significantly affect the absorptivity and equilibrium constant, but steric hindrance is the major factor affecting the rate of reaction. We postulate that the carbonyl group is required for the Jaffé reaction, and we suggest a mechanism for the reaction.

Development of a Biotin-Avidin Mediated Immunoassay for Simultaneous Detection of Danofloxacin, Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin in Milk

2013 ◽  
Vol 781-784 ◽  
pp. 1630-1636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Biao Guo ◽  
Xuan Xin ◽  
Rui Min Zhong ◽  
Xing Ping Li
Keyword(s):  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Antigenic Site ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Specific Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Common Structure ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Sample Extraction ◽  
The Common

To generate a group-specific monoclonal antibody (McAb) against danofloxacin (DANO), enrofloxacin (ENR) and ciprofloxacin (CIP), glutaraldehyde was used to link the presentative hapten of CIP to the immunogen and coating antigen, respectively, leaving the common structure of these 3 drugs exposed in both conjugates as a major antigenic site. Consequently, a McAb (6D3) with high cross-reactivity to this three antibiotics has been obtained by using hybridomas technique. In a biotin-avidin mediated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the IC50values for DANO, ENR and CIP were 5.1, 4.5 and 4.2 ng mL-1, respectively. The ELISA was used for the detection of spiked DANO and ENR+CIP in milk. The recoveries ranged from 74.1 to 92.4% and coefficients of variation were in a range of 6.6-11.9%. The accuracies and sensitivity of the method were good for simultaneous analysis of the 3 drugs in milk after a simple sample extraction process.

Kitcher on Natural Morality

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Binmore
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Equilibrium Selection ◽  
Repeated Game ◽  
Folk Theorem ◽  
Selection Problem ◽  
Social Contracts ◽  
Evolution Of Morality ◽  
Fairness Norms ◽  
Repeated Game Theory ◽  
Ethical Project

AbstractThis commentary on Philip Kitcher’s Ethical Project compares his theory of the evolution of morality with my less ambitious theory of the evolution of fairness norms that seeks to flesh out John Mackie’s insight that one should use game theory as a framework within which to assess anthropological data. It lays particular stress on the importance of the folk theorem of repeated game theory, which provides a template for the set of stable social contracts that were available to ancestral hunter-gatherer communities. It continues by drawing attention to the relevance of Harsanyi’s theory of empathetic preferences in structuring the fairness criteria that evolved as one response to the equilibrium selection problem that the folk theorem demonstrates is endemic in our species.

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