Extension of the KDO turbulence/transition model to account for roughness

Wall roughness significantly influences both laminar-turbulent transition process and fully developed turbulence. A wall roughness extension for the KDO turbulence/transition model is developed. The roughness effect is introduced via the modification of the k and νt boundary conditions. The wall is considered to be lifted to a higher position. The difference between the original position and the higher position, named as equivalent roughness height, is linked to the actual roughness height. The ratio between the two heights is determined by reasoning. With such a roughness extension, the predictions of the KDO RANS model agree well with the measurements of turbulent boundary layer with a sand grain surface, while the KDO transition model yields accurate cross-flow transition predictions of flow past a 6:1 spheroid.

Perancangan Mesin Press Tahu Sistem Pnuematik Dengan Kapasitas 50 Kg

This pneumatic system tofu press machine is a press machine that is used to compress tofu starch with a capacity of 50 kg to make tofu that is ready to be marketed. The pneumatic system tofu press machine is made to make it easier to press tofu. Previously, tofu was pressed manually, namely by using a stone as a tofu press which resulted in the length of the tofu compaction process. Pressing with stones can also cause work accidents. This tofu press machine uses pneumatics as a punch driver which will press the tofu. The way this tofu machine works is by pressing the on button on the machine then the punch will move down towards the tofu essence and press the tofu. Punch paused for a moment to make sure the tofu blended in perfectly. Then press the off button on the machine to return the punch to its original position. This pneumatic system tofu press machine can reduce work accidents, lighten work, shorten processing time and is also more hygienic because it uses air as a punch driver.

Some problems of ethnic study of the heroic epic

На протяжении всего ХХ века в фольклористике доминировал так называемый поэтический метод, который занимался определением художественной системы героического эпоса. Вместе с тем все чаще ставился вопрос об отношении эпоса к историческим событиям прошлого. Многие фольклористы и историки, в лице С. Н. Азбелева, Л. И. Емельянова, Н. И. Кравцова, А. А. Петросяна, М. М. Плисецкого, Б. А. Рыбакова начали разрабатывать проблемы историзма в русских былинах. На этой почве в середине 1960-х гг. вспыхнули научные дебаты вокруг этой проблемы – историзма героического эпоса. Несмотря на полемический характер,суждения многих фольклористов оказались на стороне исторического изучения былин. Такая постановка вопроса, с учетом посмертно изданного труда «Экскурсы в теорию и историю славянского эпоса» (1999), оказалась не чуждой самому Б. Н. Путилову, который усердно разрабатывал типологическую теорию. В своих поздних изысканиях автор несколько отошёл от изначальной позиции. На широком фоне исторического изучения былин фольклористы пошли ещё дальше, вычленяя сведения этнического порядка в героическом эпосе. Цель настоящего исследования – определение этнического характера героического эпоса с учетом методологических достижений фольклористики конца ХХ и начала ХХI веков. Актуальность данного направления заключается в том, что несмотря на многочисленные этнонимы, топонимы, гидронимы, антропонимы и т. д., отражённые в героическом эпосе, они долгое время оставались в тени. Историки, опиравшиеся только на достоверные факты, игнорировали подобные сведения, а фольклористы, в свою очередь, считали их объектом историков. Поэтому научно-познавательный процесс подменялся суждением о личном вкладе эпических сказителей, якобы вносивших этническую номенклатуру в героический эпос. С распадом СССР были сняты многие идеологические запреты, связанные с этнической природой казахского эпоса. Это позволило отдельным учёным постсоветского пространства приступить к разработке этнических истоков героического эпоса. Были опубликованы соответствующие материалы, в том числе на страницах настоящего журнала, направленные на изучение этнических сведений в казахском эпосе. Отныне этнический характер эпоса не вызывает больших разногласий. В казахском эпосоведении эта проблема стала разрабатываться более глубже, с использованием методов исследования фольклористики, этнографии и этнологии. В статье приводятся новые сведения и суждения отдельных исследователей методологического порядка. Наряду с общеизвестными трудами вышеуказанных фольклористов в научный обиход вовлекаются герменевтические суждения А. М. Эткинда. Обращено внимание на информативную сущность героического эпоса, определены познавательные возможности синхронного и диахронного методов исследования. Подытоживая материал, автор приходит к заключению, что без этноса нет героического эпоса, а без этнического процесса – эпической традиции. Throughout the 20th century, folkloristics was dominated by the so-called poetic method, which was engaged in determining the artistic system of the heroic epic. At the same time, the question of the attitude of the epic to the historical events of the past was increasingly raised. Many folklorists and historians, represented by S. N. Azbelev, L. I. Emelyanov, N. I. Kravtsov, A. A. Petrosyan, M. M. Plisetsky, B. A. Rybakov, began to develop the problems of historicism in Russian epics. On this ground in the mid-1960s, a scholarly debate broke out around this problem: the historicism of the heroic epic. Despite the polemical nature of the judgment of many folklorists, they were on the side of the historical study of epics. Such a statement of the question, taking into account the posthumously published work “Excursions into the theory and history of the Slavic epic” (1999), turned out to be no stranger to B. N. Putilov himself, who diligently developed typological theory. In his later research, the author somewhat moved away from the original position. Against the broad background of the historical study of epics, folklorists went even further, distinguishing information of the ethnic order in the heroic epic. The purpose of this study was to determine the ethnic nature of the heroic epic, taking into account the methodological achievements of folkloristics of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The relevance of this direction is that despite the numerous ethnonyms, toponyms, hydronyms, anthroponyms, etc., reflected in the heroic epic, they remained in the shadows for a long time. Historians, relying only on reliable facts, ignored such information, and folklorists, in turn, considered the object of historians. Therefore, the scholarly and cognitive process was replaced by a judgment on the personal contribution of epic storytellers who allegedly contributed ethnic nomenclature to the heroic epic. With the collapse of the USSR, many ideological prohibitions related to the ethnic nature of the Kazakh epic were lifted. This allowed individual scientists of the post-Soviet space to begin developing the ethnic origins of the heroic epic. Relevant materials were published, including on the pages of this publication, aimed at studying ethnic information in the Kazakh epic. From now on, the ethnic nature of the epic does not cause much disagreement. In Kazakh epic studies, this problem began to be developed more deeply, using methods of studying folkloristics, ethnography and ethnology. The article provides new information and judgments of individual researchers of the methodological order. Along with the well-known works of the above folklorists, hermeneutic judgments of A. M. Etkind are involved in scholarly use. Attention was drawn to the informative essence of the heroic epic, the cognitive possibilities of synchronous and diachronic research methods were determined. Summing up the material, the author concludes that without an ethnic group there is no heroic epic, and without an ethnic process – no epic tradition.

VERTICAL SPINDLE COTTON HARVESTER WITH SYMMETRIC MOVEMENT OF SPINDLE DRUMS

The article deals with the trends in the development of structures, research work on modernization and creation of new vertical spindle cotton harvesting apparatus (CHA). Authors developed new CHA that works as follows: the CHA with a cotton picker moves on the cotton field; the cotton plants getting into the inter-drum slots are processed, that is, the raw cotton be harvested. The CHA are in their original position before picking raw cotton. When a thick cotton plant gets into the inter-drum slot of the front pair of drums, the spindle drums move apart and the inter-drum slot opens, while the connecting rods and the sliders move forward, providing the symmetrical opening of the slot relative to the longitudinal line of the cotton plant row. Further, this thick plant falls into the inter-drum slot of the second pair of drums, while the inter-drum slot of the second drums opens, while the connecting rods and the sliders move along the guides forward, providing the symmetrical opening of the slot relative to the longitudinal line of the cotton plant rows. With such a pairwise symmetric movement of the SD, depending on the thickness of the cotton plant, the force of spindle pressing on the cotton plant from both sides is identical and symmetrical, since the SD move symmetrically to the longitudinal line passing along the cotton plant row.

Muscular and Tendon Degeneration after Achilles Rupture: New Insights into Future Repair Strategies

Achilles tendon rupture is a frequent injury with an increasing incidence. After clinical surgical repair, aimed at suturing the tendon stumps back into their original position, the repaired Achilles tendon is often plastically deformed and mechanically less strong than the pre-injured tissue, with muscle fatty degeneration contributing to function loss. Despite clinical outcomes, pre-clinical research has mainly focused on tendon structural repair, with a lack of knowledge regarding injury progression from tendon to muscle and its consequences on muscle degenerative/regenerative processes and function. Here, we characterize the morphological changes in the tendon, the myotendinous junction and muscle belly in a mouse model of Achilles tendon complete rupture, finding cellular and fatty infiltration, fibrotic tissue accumulation, muscle stem cell decline and collagen fiber disorganization. We use novel imaging technologies to accurately relate structural alterations in tendon fibers to pathological changes, which further explain the loss of muscle mechanical function after tendon rupture. The treatment of tendon injuries remains a challenge for orthopedics. Thus, the main goal of this study is to bridge the gap between clinicians’ knowledge and research to address the underlying pathophysiology of ruptured Achilles tendon and its consequences in the gastrocnemius. Such studies are necessary if current practices in regenerative medicine for Achilles tendon ruptures are to be improved.

Remediating a Landslide Affected Well for Subsequent Abandonment - Challenges Overcome and Solutions Applied

Control/Tracking Number 21 ADIP-P-4946-SPE Abstract Description This paper will present a case study to describe the well integrity complications of an onshore gas well in Romania affected by a landslide event, the challenges overcome during the land consolidation/excavation around the well, and the remediation solution of the well's casings. After being severely affected by a landslide, the subject well stopped production having a surface deviation from the original position of 5m and a landslide plane at cca 25m. The primary scope of the project was to restore the integrity of the well in order to safely abandon the well so that people and environment were not exposed to risk or danger. The project was elaborated through a collaborative effort of multidisciplinary teams including company personnel, such as well integrity engineers, completion engineers, geologists, abandonment team members, civil engineers, HSSE and construction, as well as several service providers. As part of the Phase to consolidate the well's surrounding area, additional risk mitigations were identified through HAZID workshops and implemented, such as creating gas drainage shafts, utilizing ATEX equipment and cold cutting tools for casings, tools, and organizing Rescue People Services. These elements and more aspects were elements of safety included in the project to better assure the success. The project has several milestones, the first being the consolidation of the well surroundings using 33 cement pillar rings with a total diameter of 8m and depth of 32m. A gas relief column was necessary to ensure the gas infiltration was exhausted from the soil. Once the ring was formed around the well, the excavation commenced inside the ring, avoiding impact with the conductor pipe of the well. This activity posed notable HSSE challenges, requiring solutions derived from HAZID workshops based on evaluations of the various discipline teams and certified parties. Following the excavation, the planned casing remediation included cold cutting the casing using diamond encrusted equipment, due to the gas presence at the well area. Casing restoration was planned for use of bolts to reconnect the casings, thus preventing welding.

CFD investigation of flow through a centrifugal compressor diffuser with splitter blades

The aerodynamic losses in centrifugal compressors are mainly associated with the separated flow on the suction sides of impeller and diffuser vanes. The overall performance of such compressors can be improved by adding splitter vanes. The present work examines the effect of varying the geometrical location of the splitter vanes in the diffuser on the overall performance of a high-speed centrifugal compressor stage of a small gas turbine. To increase the pressure recovery through the diffuser, two radial sets of vanes are used. The first set of vanes (diffuser-1) is equipped with splitter vanes, placed mid-distance between the main vanes, while the vanes of the second set (diffuser-2) are conventional vanes. Flow through the compressor was simulated using the ANSYS 19 workbench program. Flow characteristics and compressor performance were obtained and analyzed for different circumferential positions of the splitting vanes relative to the main vanes of diffuser-1. The study covered seven positions of the splitter vanes including the original design of the diffuser where the splitter vanes were located at mid-distance between the main vanes. The analysis shows that, at design conditions, selecting the position of the splitter vanes to be nearer to the pressure side of the main vanes improves the stage performance. In the present study, locating the splitters at 33% of the angular distance between the main vanes leads to the best performance, and a significant improvement in the overall stage performance is recorded. The pressure recovery coefficient is raised by about 17%, the pressure ratio is increased by about 1.13%, and the stage efficiency is increased by about 2.01%, compared to the original splitter position. Performance improvement is related to the suppression of the flow separation and the more uniformity of flow. On the contrary, further moving the splitter closer to the main blade, the pressure recovery coefficient is decreased by about 2% than the position of 33% of the angular distance, but still higher than the original position by about 15% and a limited improvement in the compressor performance is noticed. Moving the splitter far out the main blade annihilates the static pressure recovery of the diffuser by about 2:7% compared with the original position. So, for the investigated compressor, the best position of the splitter blade in the circumferential direction, which provides the best stage performance in our parametric analysis, is not necessary to be at the mid-angular distance between the diffuser’s main blades, but it is achieved by moving the splitter to about 33% of the angular distance where the diminished loss from the suppressed flow separation is more prevailing and the instigated friction losses from splitter surfaces are less critical.

Absence and Nothing

Nothing is not. Yet it seems that we invoke absences and nothings often in our philosophical explanations. Negative metaphysics is on the rise. It has been claimed that absences can be causes, there are negative properties, absences can be perceived, there are negative facts, and we can refer to and speak about nothing. Parmenides long ago ruled against such things. Here we consider how much of Parmenides’ view can survive. A soft Parmenidean methodology is adopted in which we aim to reject all supposed negative entities but are prepared to accept them, reluctantly, if they are indispensable and irreducible in our best theories. We then see whether there are any negative entities that survive this test. Some can be dismissed on metaphysical grounds, but other problems are explained only once we reject another strand in Parmenides and show how we can think and talk about nothing. Accounts of perception of absence, empty reference, and denial are gathered. With these, we can show how no truthmakers are required for negative truths since we can have negative beliefs, concerning what-is-not, without what-is-not being part of what is. This supports a soft ontological Parmenideanism, which accepts much though not all of Parmenides’ original position.

A trajectory map matching algorithm via exploring the average directional features of continuous windows

Many location-based services require a pre-processing step of map matching. Due to the error of the original position data and the complexity of the road network, the matching algorithm will have matching errors when the complex road network is implemented, which is therefore challenging. Aiming at the problems of low matching accuracy and low efficiency of existing algorithms at Y-shaped intersections and roundabouts, this paper proposes a space-time-based continuous window average direction feature trajectory map matching algorithm (STDA-matching). Specifically, the algorithm not only adaptively generates road network topology data, but also obtains more accurate road network relationships. Based on this, the transition probability is calculated by using the average direction feature of the continuous window of the track points to improve the matching accuracy of the algorithm. Secondly, the algorithm simplifies the trajectory by clustering the GPS trajectory data aggregation points to improve the matching efficiency of the algorithm. Finally, we use a real and effective data set to compare the algorithm with the two existing algorithms. Experimental results show that our algorithm is effective.

Examining Moral Foundations Theory through Immigration Attitudes

Moral foundations theory (MFT) explains how political and cultural attitudes are shaped significantly by people’s moral intuitions; gut-level judgments about proper human behavior and social relationships. We examine the theory through the topic of immigration attitudes. Social scientists of various stripes have built a comprehensive research program studying public attitudes towards immigrants and immigration policy. Immigration is currently among the most contentious political issues in the United States and Europe—evidenced in part by the election of Donald Trump, the UK’s Brexit vote, and the recent rise of nationalist parties on the continent. Drawing on MFT and using one politically diverse sample and one liberal-leaning sample, we conducted two experiments respectively, to test whether effects of political orientation on US immigration attitudes may be moderated by alternative moral framing of pro-immigration appeals. Data support hypotheses, and is consistent with theoretical claims about moral diversity and political attitudes generally. Also, results shed new light on how shifts in immigration attitudes, that is whether one entrenches further into an original position or is persuaded into a new attitude, depend on one’s place on the political spectrum. Keywords: moral foundations theory, moral foundations, immigration, attitudes, moral intuition, experiment