Electrolytic Sodium Hypochlorite System for Treatment of Ballast Water

The potential problems of organisms introduced by ballast water are well documented. In other settings, electrolytic generation of sodium hypochlorite from seawater has proven to be a simple and safe method of handling and injecting a biocide into water. After the hypochlorite oxidizes organisms, it reverts back to the chloride ion. Mesocosm-scale testing of this technology combined with filtration, using organisms from Puget Sound, Washington demonstrated that hypochlorite generation and use may be a viable method to eliminate aquatic nuisance species from ballast water while minimizing disinfection byproducts and residual toxicity. These experiments were conducted at the U.S. Geological Survey Marine Field Station on Marrowstone Island, Washington. Results from the first set of studies of the system showed that hypochlorite levels greater than 3.0 ppm hypochlorite with or without filtration reduced bacteria by > 99.999%, reduced phytoplankton by > 99%, and reduced mesozooplankton by > 99%. Filtration only improved efficacy when hypochlorite concentration was initially less than 1.5 ppm.

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Electrolytic Sodium Hypochlorite System for Treatment of Ballast Water

Journal of Ship Production ◽

10.5957/jsp.2006.22.3.160 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 22 (03) ◽

pp. 160-171

Author(s):

David W Hill ◽

Russell P. Herwig ◽

Jeffery R. Cordell ◽

Bryan C. Nielsen ◽

Nissa C. Ferm ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sodium Hypochlorite ◽

Ballast Water ◽

Puget Sound ◽

Chloride Ion ◽

Disinfection Byproducts ◽

Field Station ◽

Residual Toxicity ◽

Nuisance Species ◽

Viable Method ◽

The U.S

The potential problems of organisms introduced by ballast water are well documented. In other settings, electrolytic generation of sodium hypochlorite from seawater has proven to be a simple and safe method of handling and injecting a biocide into water. After the hypochlorite oxidizes organisms, it reverts back to the chloride ion. Microcosm-scale testing of this technology combined with filtration, using organisms from Puget Sound, Washington, demonstrated that hypochlorite generation and use may be a viable method to eliminate aquatic nuisance species from ballast water while minimizing disinfection byproducts and residual toxicity. These experiments were conducted at the U.S. Geological Survey Marine Field Station on Marrow stone Island, Washington. Results from the first set of studies of the system showed that hypochlorite levels greater than 3.0 ppm hypochlorite with or without filtration reduced bacteria by more than 99.999%, reduced phytoplankton by more than 99%, and reduced mesozooplankton by more than 99%. Filtration improved efficacy only when hypochlorite concentration was initially less than 1.5 ppm.

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Formation of disinfection byproducts from sulfamethoxazole during sodium hypochlorite disinfection of marine culture water

Environmental Science and Pollution Research ◽

10.1007/s11356-018-3278-2 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (33) ◽

pp. 33196-33206 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Chuan Rong ◽

Yanan Shao ◽

Yinghui Wang ◽

Yuanyuan Zhang ◽

Kefu Yu

Keyword(s):

Sodium Hypochlorite ◽

Disinfection Byproducts ◽

Marine Culture

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Nuisance Algae in Ballast Water Facing International Conventions. Insights from DNA Metabarcoding in Ships Arriving in Bay of Biscay

Water ◽

10.3390/w12082168 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 2168

Author(s):

Alba Ardura ◽

Yaisel Borrell ◽

Sara Fernández ◽

Mónica González Arenales ◽

José Martínez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Exotic Species ◽

Ballast Water ◽

Bay Of Biscay ◽

Potential Threat ◽

Dna Metabarcoding ◽

Nuisance Algae ◽

Nuisance Species ◽

International Conventions ◽

Species Being ◽

Harmful Species

Ballast water is one of the main vectors of transport of nuisance species among marine ports. Neither treatment nor interchange completely reduces the risk of ballast water containing DNA from harmful species, being a signal of potential threat. However, although there are some efficient treatments, they are not available on all ships and there might be some technological/economical constrains for their active and routine usage. Understanding what routes lead to a higher risk of contamination is important for designing targeted surveillance. We analysed ballast water from seven ships arriving in Gijon port (south Bay of Biscay, Spain). DNA metabarcoding was employed for identification of exotic species and harmful algae. One ship carried DNA of 20 risk species in the ballast water. Three ships contained DNA of only one risk species, and three ships had none. Seventy two algae species were found, 22.2% are exotic to the Bay of Biscay and 11.1% are catalogued as harmful. The results demonstrated the importance of continuous surveillance of ballast water.

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Relative contributions of domestic and foreign sourced ballast water to propagule pressure in Puget Sound, Washington, USA

Biological Conservation ◽

10.1016/j.biocon.2009.12.008 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 143 (3) ◽

pp. 700-709 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

David J. Lawrence ◽

Jeffery R. Cordell

Keyword(s):

Ballast Water ◽

Propagule Pressure ◽

Puget Sound

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Evaluation of residual toxicity of hypochlorite-treated water using bioluminescent microbes and microalgae: Implications for ballast water management

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety ◽

10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.002 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 167 ◽

pp. 130-137 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jung-Suk Lee ◽

Seongjin Hong ◽

Junghyun Lee ◽

Tae Seob Choi ◽

Kitae Rhie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Management ◽

Ballast Water ◽

Treated Water ◽

Residual Toxicity ◽

Ballast Water Management

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Efficacy and residual toxicity of a sodium hydroxide based ballast water treatment system for freshwater bulk freighters

Journal of Great Lakes Research ◽

10.1016/j.jglr.2017.04.004 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 43 (4) ◽

pp. 744-754 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Adria A. Elskus ◽

Carys L. Mitchelmore ◽

David Wright ◽

Jeffrey W. Henquinet ◽

Nicholas Welschmeyer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Treatment ◽

Sodium Hydroxide ◽

Ballast Water ◽

Treatment System ◽

Water Treatment System ◽

Residual Toxicity ◽

Ballast Water Treatment

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Factors influencing densities of non-indigenous species in the ballast water of ships arriving at ports in Puget Sound, Washington, United States

Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems ◽

10.1002/aqc.986 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 322-343 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Jeffery R. Cordell ◽

David J. Lawrence ◽

Nissa C. Ferm ◽

Lucinda M. Tear ◽

Scott S. Smith ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Ballast Water ◽

Puget Sound ◽

Indigenous Species ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Non Indigenous Species

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Detecting nuisance species using NGST: Methodology shortcomings and possible application in ballast water monitoring

Marine Environmental Research ◽

10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.07.002 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 112 ◽

pp. 64-72 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Anastasija Zaiko ◽

Jose L. Martinez ◽

Alba Ardura ◽

Laura Clusa ◽

Yaisel J. Borrell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ballast Water ◽

Water Monitoring ◽

Nuisance Species

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Analysis of Cumulative Cancer Risk Associated with Disinfection Byproducts in United States Drinking Water

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17062149 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (6) ◽

pp. 2149

Author(s):

Sydney Evans ◽

Chris Campbell ◽

Olga V. Naidenko

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Water Systems ◽

Disinfection Byproducts ◽

Haloacetic Acids ◽

Risk Assessments ◽

Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽

Community Water Systems ◽

Community Water ◽

The U.S

Hundreds of different disinfection byproducts form in drinking water following necessary treatment with chlorine and other disinfectants, and many of those byproducts can damage DNA and increase the risk of cancer. This study offers the first side-by-side comparison of cancer risk assessments based on toxicological and epidemiological studies of disinfection byproducts using a comprehensive contaminant occurrence dataset for haloacetic acids and trihalomethanes, two groups of disinfection byproducts that are regulated in drinking water. We also provide the first analysis of a new occurrence dataset for unregulated haloacetic acids that became available from the latest, fourth round of the U.S. EPA-mandated unregulated contaminant monitoring program (UCMR4). A toxicological assessment indicated that haloacetic acids, and in particular brominated haloacetic acids, are more carcinogenic and are associated with a greater number of attributable cancer cases than trihalomethanes. Based on the toxicological analysis, cumulative lifetime cancer risk due to exposure to trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids for community water systems monitored under UCMR4, estimated with standard default parameters for body weight and water intake, corresponds to 7.0 × 10−5 (3.5 × 10−5–1.3 × 10−4). The same analysis conducted with age sensitivity factors to account for elevated risk in infants and children yielded a cumulative risk estimate of 2.9 × 10−4 (1.7 × 10−4–6.2 × 10−4). Epidemiological data suggest that lifetime cancer risk from disinfection byproducts for the U.S. population served by community water systems is approximately 3.0 × 10−3 (2.1 × 10−4–5.7 × 10−3), or a lifetime cancer risk of three cases per thousand people. Overall, this analysis highlights the value of using human data in health risk assessments to the greatest extent possible.

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