scholarly journals Mating behaviour of Simulium erythrocephalum (De Geer, 1776) (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Zaragoza (Spain)

2018 ◽  
pp. 129-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Alfonso Garza-Hernández ◽  
Antonio De la Mora-Covarrubias ◽  
Ignacio Ruiz-Arrondo
Keyword(s):  
Mating Behaviour ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Activity Period ◽  
General Knowledge ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Mating Activity ◽  
First Report ◽  
Human Host ◽  
Host Seeking ◽  
Copulation Behaviour

Simulium erythrocephalum (De Geer, 1776) es una especie altamente antropofílica responsable de brotes de mosca negra en España. Así, se realizaron observaciones sobre el comportamiento de apareamiento de S. erythrocephalum en condiciones naturales en España, incluyendo la formación de enjambres, el reconocimiento, abordaje y la finalización de la cópula y el comportamiento post cópula. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que la actividad de cópula tiene lugar durante la tarde. Observamos como el ser humano representa un marcador de orientación atractivo para los enjambres de machos, cuya formación está relacionada con el período de actividad de búsqueda de hospedador por parte de las hembras. Este estudio representa el primer estudio sobre el comportamiento de cópula de simúlidos en España, ampliando el conocimiento general sobre este comportamiento en las moscas negras. Simulium erythrocephalum (De Geer, 1776) is a highly anthropophilic species that is responsible for blackfly outbreaks in Spain. Thus, field observations of the mating behaviour, including swarm formation, recognition and chasing, copulation, termination of copulation and post-copulation behaviour of S. erythrocephalum were conducted in a natural habitat in Spain. The obtained results demonstrated that mating activity occurs during the evening hours. We observed the human host represents an attractive orientation marker of male swarms, whose formation is related to the host-seeking activity period of females. This study represents the first report about the mating behaviour of Simuliidae species in Spain, increasing the general knowledge about this behaviour of blackflies.

Observations on the Mating Behaviour of the Crab Hole Mosquito Deinocerites cancer (Diptera: Culicidae)

1966 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
pp. 1169-1177 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Downes
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Mating Behaviour ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Chemical Stimulus ◽  
Strong Response ◽  
Mating Response ◽  
Auditory Response

AbstractIn Deinocerites, an aberrant offshoot of Culex, the larvae live in water in deep crab holes and the adults also are often found in the burrow. The males have elongate non-plumose antennae and specialized front claws, and often rest on the surface film. In observation cages the males associate with pupae (of either sex) at the surface of the water, hold them lightly with the claws and sense the pupal horns (spiracles) with their antennae. The male perceives the pupa at 1–2 cm. An emerging female elicits a strong response from males up to 15 cm. away; the males fight for possession and mating may be established before the female has fully emerged. The pupal skin continues to attract for several minutes thereafter. Emergence of the adult male was not successfully observed. Probably both pupal attendance and mating response depend on a chemical stimulus, which appears to be non-specific.The males also make slow exploratory flights near the cage walls, and a mating response may be elicited when their legs touch a resting insect. The response is made to either sex (perhaps more readily to the female) and again is non-specific. The two mating processes are presumably reinforcing, and both seem well adapted to the natural habitat provided the lack of specificity is tolerable.Several other mosquitoes, all of slow flight and restricted habitat, make similar irregular flights and mate on contact with resting females. Probably this behaviour represents the last phase of mating in more strongly flying (swarming) species, after the sexes are brought together by the auditory response mediated by the plumose antennae. In some mosquitoes the two patterns of behaviour coexist. Assembly at a swarm-marker and recognition in flight must be less necessary in non-dispersing forms in confined habitats, and most of all in Deinocerites. Several other crab hole mosquitoes show convergence or analogies with Deinocerites.The association with the pupa and the related attraction to the female at emergence find a parallel only in Opifex fuscus; but in Opifex these processes depend not on a chemical stimulus but mainly on vision, as befits an inhabitant of open sunlit pools.

Synthetic Pyrethroid, Natural Product, and Entomopathogenic Fungal Acaricide Product Formulations for Sustained Early Season Suppression of Host-Seeking Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) and Amblyomma americanum Nymphs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry L Schulze ◽  
Robert A Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Natural Product ◽  
Ixodes Scapularis ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Amblyomma Americanum ◽  
Synthetic Pyrethroid ◽  
Activity Period ◽  
Synthetic Pyrethroids ◽  
Seasonal Activity ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Host Seeking

Abstract We compared the ability of product formulations representing a synthetic pyrethroid acaricide (Talstar P Professional Insecticide), a natural product-based acaricide (Essentria IC3), and an entomopathogenic fungal acaricide (Met52 EC Bioinsecticide) to suppress Ixodes scapularis Say and Amblyomma americanum (L.) nymphs when applied following USEPA approved manufacturers’ label recommendations for tick control using hand-pumped knapsack sprayers before the beginning of their seasonal activity period in the spring. We applied Met52 EC Bioinsecticide (11% Metarhizium anisopliae Strain F52) to five 100 m2 plots (10.6 ml AI/plot) in mid-April 2020. Two weeks later at the end of April 2020, we treated an additional five 100 m2 plots each with either Talstar P Professional Insecticide (7.9% bifenthrin @ 2.5 ml AI/plot) or Essentria IC3 (10% rosemary oil, 5% geraniol, and 2% peppermint oil @ 86.6 ml AI/plot). Weekly sampling of all plots through the end of June 2020 showed that both Met52 EC Bioinsecticide and Essentria IC3 failed to maintain a 90% suppression threshold for I. scapularis, compared to control plots, and required two additional applications over the course of the trial. In contrast, Talstar P Professional Insecticide suppressed 100% of I. scapularis nymphs and ≥96 and 100% of A. americanum nymphs and adults, respectively. Such pre-season applications of synthetic pyrethroids significantly reduce the early season acarological risk for exposure to host-seeking ticks as well as the frequency of acaricide applications.

Mating behaviour of Echinostoma trivolvis and E. paraensei in concurrent infections in hamsters

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.M. Nollen
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Genetic Relationship ◽  
Mating Behaviour ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Single Donor ◽  
Concurrent Infections ◽  
Echinostoma Trivolvis

Young adults of Echinostoma trivolvis and E. paraensei were recovered from hamsters previously infected with metacercarial cysts. Some worms of each species were exposed for 1 h to 3-H-tyrosine to label sperm and transplanted singly to uninfected hamsters with several unlabelled worms of the same or opposite species or both species. After 5 days, recovered worms were processed for paraffin sectioning and autoradiography. The resulting slides were observed for the location of radioactive sperm in the seminal receptacles of donor (labelled) and recipient (unlabelled) worms. When E. trivolvis was the donor with the recipient E. paraensei, self-insemination took place, but only one interspecies mating occurred out of 72 possible recipient worms. When E. paraensei served as the donor, self-insemination again occurred, but no cross-insemination was observed among the 59 E. trivolvis recipient worms. When single donor worms had a choice of either species of recipient worms, no interspecies mating took place, but both self- and cross-insemination occurred in the normal, unrestricted behaviour found in single species mating studies. Rates of both self- and cross-insemination were higher in concurrent infections of both recipient species than in single species mating studies. After transplant, both species localized in their natural habitat within the small intestine, with 1/3 overlapping in the duodenum, making interspecies mating a possibility. The correlation between mating and electrophoretic studies on the genetic relationship between 37-collar-spined echinostomes is discussed.

Recognition of Mates in the Portuguese Millipede, Ommatoiulus-Moreletii

1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 837 ◽  
Author(s):  
CJ Carey ◽  
CM Bull
Keyword(s):  
Mating Behaviour ◽  
Mate Recognition ◽  
Visual Signal ◽  
Mating Activity ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
Chemical Secretion

The mating behaviour of the Portuguese millipede, Ommatoiulus moreletii, was observed in the laboratory. Male attention towards females appeared to be initiated on contact. Mating activity was more frequent in the night phase of the photoperiod and was not inhibited by darkness. This suggested that a visual signal was not important in mate recognition. Females without antennae mated readily, but males without antennae did not, which suggests that males use their antennae to recognise females. Experiments in T-mazes and petri dishes showed that males were not attracted towards females, nor did they increase activity in the presence of females they could not touch, which implied that an airborne signal such as a volatile pheromone was not used. It was concluded that males use some characteristic of the female cuticle, possibly a chemical secretion, to recognise mates.

Intraspecific Variation in Courtship and Copulation Frequency: an Effect of Mismatch in Partner Attractiveness?

Behaviour ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 127 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 265-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Petrie ◽  
Fiona M. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Mating Behaviour ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Pair Formation ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Monogamous Species ◽  
Socially Monogamous ◽  
Copulation Behaviour

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to present a verbal theoretical model that could account for the among pair variability in courtship and copulation behaviour that occurs both during and after pair formation in socially monogamous species. We assume that copulation acts to prevent mate loss, by reducing the availability of an individual to other potential partners. Variation in copulation and courtship frequency then arises as a result of variation in the risk of mate loss. Because of the constraints on free or ideal choice, pairs will form in which it may be possible for one individual to improve upon the quality of its partner. In a mismatched pair it will pay the poorer quality mate to guard the higher quality individual and prevent it from leaving to pair with a better quality mate. The poor quality individual will therefore solicit copulations at a high frequency while it's partner may not always respond. We predict that high levels of courtship and solicitation will relate to a high risk of mate loss and that a lack of response by a partner will relate to the potential opportunities it has to improve on partner quality. Our thesis is that variation in mating behaviour arises as a result of any deviations from assortative mating that may exist in a population.

A PIT tag based analysis of annual movement patterns of adult fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra) in a Middle European habitat

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Schulte ◽  
Daniel Küsters ◽  
Sebastian Steinfartz
Keyword(s):  
Site Fidelity ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Home Range Size ◽  
Activity Period ◽  
Limited Area ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Minimum Convex Polygon ◽  
Pit Tags ◽  
Salamandra Salamandra

Abstract We studied patterns of annual movement of individual adult fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra) during the years 2001 and 2002 in Western Germany in a typical middle European habitat for this species. We tested whether salamanders inhabit small home ranges and move little during the activity period as predicted for a species that shows strong site fidelity to a limited area. Initially, 98 individuals were collected in their natural habitat and marked with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags. Of those individuals 88 were released at the collection site for recapture during the activity periods of the years 2001 and 2002. Ten marked individuals were kept in captivity to test for the tolerance of PIT tags. We did not find any negative impact of PIT tags on marked individuals of S. salamandra, neither under captive nor natural conditions. Forty-seven of the marked individuals (corresponding to 53% of the 88 released ones) were recaptured at least once and 28 individuals (corresponding to 32%) were recaptured multiple times. The return rate of males (78%) was higher than for females (43%). Mean home range size (and standard deviation) was estimated to 494 ± 282 m2 for 4 individuals as the minimum convex polygon based on 5 to 6 recapture events for each individual per year and to 1295 ± 853 m2 for 3 individuals with 8 records over two years. Minimum distances moved inferred from individual recaptures increased during the activity period of both years with time, indicating that individuals have more of a tendency to disperse than to stay within a limited area. Our data suggest therefore that S. salamandra adults display site fidelity, but use a much larger area than hitherto documented for this and other terrestrial salamander species.

Mate detection and seasonal variation in stick insect mating behaviour (Phamatodea: Clitarchus hookeri)

Behaviour ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 152 (10) ◽  
pp. 1325-1348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelley S. Myers ◽  
Thomas R. Buckley ◽  
Gregory I. Holwell
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Mating Systems ◽  
Mating Behaviour ◽  
Stick Insect ◽  
Scramble Competition ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Mate Searching ◽  
Natural Field ◽  
Behavioural Tests ◽  
Searching Ability

For animals that exhibit a scramble competition mating system, sexual selection pressures on mate searching ability are expected to be strong. Scramble competition mating systems evolve when populations provide females with equal accessibility to all male competitors, yet sex ratio and population density influences mating systems and varies seasonally. The stick insect species,Clitarchus hookeri, is frequently found in copula, yet very little is known about it’s mating behaviour. We preformed behavioural tests and assayed antennal sensory morphology to determine whether males used chemosensory cues to detect females. Through natural field observations we found populations to be significantly male-biased earlier in the season, while later, populations began to display equal sex ratios. With increasing female availability mating pair proportions steadily increased, while copulation duration declined. These results supportC. hookerias a scramble competitor, and demonstrate males may alter their behaviour in response to the seasonal variation in female density.

The flock-mating of progestagen-synchronized ewes 3. A note on the influence of flock size upon mating behaviour and lambing performance

1979 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-130
Author(s):  
M. J. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Mating Behaviour ◽  
Return Rate ◽  
Flock Size ◽  
Single Group ◽  
Mating Activity ◽  
Lambing Rate

ABSTRACTCrossbred ewes in which the oestrous cycles had been synchronized by the use of progestagen-impregnated vaginal sponges were mated with Suffolk rams either as a single group of 68 ewes (G) or as four subgroups of 17 ewes (S) in 2 years. Ram:ewe ratio was 1:17 in both treatments. G rams performed more mounts and services than S rams. Non-return rate and lambing rate was better for S than G ewes, especially in Year 1, when fewer G ewes were served. Mating activity was greater in Year 2 than Year 1; prolificacy was also markedly improved.

scholarly journals Mating behaviour of the lizard Ameiva ameiva in Brazil

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
RENAN AUGUSTO RAMALHO
Keyword(s):  
Mating Behaviour ◽  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Head Bobbing

The courtship and copulation behaviours of the lizard Ameiva ameiva is described from field observations made at various locations in Brazil. In males, the main behaviours observed during one observation of courtship were head bobbing, circling and walking over the females, rubbing his body against the female, mounting, and dismounting. Females generally remain passive throughout courtship. The reproductive behaviour of A. ameiva resembles that of other teiids, however males exhibit some behavioural peculiarities, such as circling the female to restrict her movements, no cloacal rubbing against the ground, and no biting during copulation.

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