The relationship of NMDA-induced rhythmic activity between the trigeminal nerve and the hypoglossal nerve in neonatal mice in vitro

The relationships of width, thickness, volume and load to extension for human skin in vitro are reported. The specimens tested exhibited a low stiffness phase followed by a high stiffness phase. Volume rose than fell back to the initial volume at approximately the end of the low stiffness phase, and continued on falling to a final reduction of about 20 per cent at failure. Width decreased throughout, showing a maximum rate of reduction at approximately the end of the low stiffness phase. Thickness increased at a rate which also was maximum at the end of the low stiffness phase. The specimens used were long compared with their width and thickness thus offering no constraint to lateral contraction. An interpretation of this data in respect of the behaviour of the collagen fibre matrix is postulated.

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Adrenocortical function in aging exercise-trained rats

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1977.43.5.839 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 43 (5) ◽

pp. 839-843 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

J. A. Severson ◽

R. D. Fell ◽

J. G. Tuig ◽

D. R. Griffith

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Plasma Corticosterone ◽

Treadmill Running ◽

Adrenocortical Function ◽

Elevated Plasma ◽

Corticosterone Concentration ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

Plasma corticosterone concentrations and in vitro adrenal secretion of corticosterone were determined in exercise-trained rats. Rats, 100, 200, and 300 days of age, were trained for a 10-wk period by treadmill running. Following the training program, rats were subjected to an acute bout of swimming. Acute swimming elevated plasma corticosterone concentrations in all age groups. At 170 days of age, the plasma corticosterone concentration following swimming was higher in exercise-trained rats than in controls. The opposite was true of acutely swum rats at 270 and 370 days of age. Acute swimming elevated the in vitro adrenal gland response to adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation in control rats at all ages and in trained rats at 170 days of age. The in vivo relationship of epinephrine and the pituitary adrenal system is suggested as a mechanism which could have caused this response. The relationship of secretion rates to plasma corticosterone concentrations indicated that extra-adrenal mechanisms, such as decreased turnover, were also responsible for the elevated plasma corticosterone levels observed in response to acute swimming.

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The development of the lamb with particular reference to the alimentary tract

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100021917 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 169-178 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

R. V. Large

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Alimentary Tract ◽

Live Weight ◽

The Body ◽

Root Transformation ◽

Feeding Regimes ◽

Gut Fill ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

1. Thirty Suffolk × Half bred lambs were slaughtered at the following ages: two twin lambs at birth and two singles and two twins at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 16 weeks of age.2. The following weights were recorded: live-weight immediately before slaughter; and carcass, head, skin, feet, alimentary tract, heart, liver, kidneys, lungs and trachea, and blood immediately afterwards.3. The alimentary tract was emptied and weighed in four separate parts; reticulo-rumen, omasum-abomasum, small intestine, large intestine.4. The volumes of the reticulo-rumen and the omasum-abomasum were measured by immersing in water and filling the organs with water to 2 cm. pressure.5. The in vitro digestive efficiency of rumen liquor from lambs of 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks of age was assessed.6. Empty body weight was considered to be valuable in comparing animals of different ages or from different feeding regimes or at different times of the year because variations in gut ‘fill’ were eliminated.7. There were no differences between singles and twins in the relationship of the fresh weights of the parts of the body to empty body weight, except that development of the liver and the blood was rather slower for singles.8. Little evidence was found of a difference in rate of development of the alimentary tract between singles an d twins, although the log an d square root transformation suggested a possible difference in reticulo-rumen size in favour of twins, significant at the 5% level.

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Spatiotemporal characteristics of 5-HT and dopamine-induced rhythmic hindlimb activity in the in vitro neonatal rat

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.1996.75.4.1472 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 75 (4) ◽

pp. 1472-1482 ◽

Cited By ~ 241

Author(s):

O. Kiehn ◽

O. Kjaerulff

Keyword(s):

Muscle Activity ◽

Central Pattern Generators ◽

Rhythmic Activity ◽

Biceps Femoris ◽

Ventral Root ◽

Neonatal Rat ◽

Cycle Duration ◽

Spatiotemporal Characteristics ◽

The Relationship

1. Rhythmic activity was induced with either serotonin (5-HT; 10-100 microM) or dopamine (0.1-1.0 mM), in the in vitro spinal cord preparation of neonatal rats, with one intact hindlimb attached. Patterns of activity were investigated with multiple EMG recordings and the spatiotemporal characteristics of 5-HT- and dopamine-induced activity compared. 2. Dopamine-induced rhythmic activity was slow (cycle duration: 2.2-70.1 s) and irregular, whereas rhythmic activity induced by 5-HT was fast (cycle duration: 1.3-5.1 s) and regular. 3. During 5-HT- and dopamine-induced rhythmic activity, the timing of muscular activity was similar for hip flexors and hip adductors, for semimembranosus (hip extensor), and for muscles controlling the ankle and the foot. 4. In contrast, notable differences in the phase in the pattern induced by 5-HT compared with that induced by dopamine were found in the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and quadriceps muscles. Biceps femoris and semitendinosus (functional hip extensors and knee flexors) were always extensor-like during 5-HT-induced activity, whereas in dopamine, these muscles displayed flexor-like bursts and double bursts as well as extensor-like bursts. Lack of EMG activity in biceps femoris and semitendinosus was encountered also in dopamine. In rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis (main function: knee extension), the activity was dominated by flexor-like bursts in 5-HT, whereas in dopamine the activity was shifted to a predominantly extensor-like pattern. 5. The relationship between flexor and extensor burst duration and cycle duration was more variable than described for locomotor activity in adult animals. 6. The relative timing of muscle activity was stable from P0 to P4. The most important difference between rats aged 0-1 days and rats aged 2-4 days was a delayed flexor-extensor transition in older animals. 7. The complex timing of hindlimb muscle activity was relatively unchanged after transecting all dorsal roots. 8. Finally, the relationship between flexor and extensor activity and ventral root discharges was determined. It was found that the L2 ventral root burst was in phase with simple flexors while the L5 burst coincide with the extensor phase. 9. We conclude, that 5-HT and dopamine can activate spinal central pattern generators (CPGs) that already at birth are able to produce distinct patterns of motor activity. Modulatory inputs thus seems to be able to reconfigure the CPGs to produce specific motor outputs.

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Differential Effect of Irradiance and Nutrient Nitrate on the Relationship of in Vivo and in Vitro Nitrate Reductase Assay in Chlorophyllous Tissues

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY ◽

10.1104/pp.59.4.535 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 59 (4) ◽

pp. 535-539 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Richard Wyn Jones ◽

Robert W. Sheard

Keyword(s):

Nitrate Reductase ◽

Differential Effect ◽

Nitrate Reductase Assay ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

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Higher gestational weight gain and lower serum estradiol levels on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin administration are associated with increased risk of preeclampsia after in vitro fertilization

10.21203/rs.2.21456/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yu-Chen Chen ◽

Yun-Ju Lai ◽

Yu-Ting Su ◽

Ni-Chin Tsai ◽

Kuo-Chung Lan

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

In Vitro Fertilization ◽

Gestational Weight Gain ◽

Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽

Serum Estradiol ◽

Vitro Fertilization ◽

Gestational Weight ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Background Very few previous studies have examined the effect of endocrine parameters during ART on preeclampsia. Moreover, there is little known about the relationship of steroid hormone levels on development of the placenta. The purpose of this study is to assess the association of preeclampsia with serum estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) levels on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) for in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI). Methods This was a hospital-based cohort study using clinical data from the Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Obstetric and Neonatal Database (KCGMHOND) from Jan 1, 2001 to December 1, 2018. Eligible women underwent at least one autologous IVF/ICSI cycle and had a live-born infant with a gestational age (GA) of more than 20 weeks. Results A total of 622 women who had live births after fresh IVF/ICSI-ET during the study period met our inclusion criteria. Twenty-eight women (4.5%) met the diagnostic criteria for preeclampsia. However, women in the preeclampsia group had a significantly higher body mass index (22 vs. 24, p =0.05), body weight at delivery (70.0 vs. 80.5 kg, p <0.001) and gestational weight gain (13.0 vs. 19.6 kg, p =0.002) and had lower use of ICSI (29.9% vs. 10.7%, p =0.021). Logistic regression analysis of the relationship of patient and treatment characteristics with preeclampsia. The crude ORs indicated that young female age >34, not using ICSI, E2 peak <1200 pg/mL and gestational weight gain >20 kg were associated with preeclampsia. After adjustment for confounding, the only factors that remained significant were E2 peak <1200 pg/mL (aOR = 4.634, 95% CI = 1.061 to 20.222), and gestational weight gain >20 kg (aOR: 13.601, 95% CI: 3.784, 48.880). Conclusions For women receiving IVF/ICSI, lower estradiol hormone levels on the day of hCG administration and higher pregnancy weight gain are related with subsequent preeclampsia.

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On the Nature of Castle’s Hemopoietic Factor

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v6.12.1234.1234 ◽

1951 ◽

Vol 6 (12) ◽

pp. 1234-1239 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

SHEILA T. CALLENDER ◽

L. G. LAJTHA

Keyword(s):

Vitamin B12 ◽

Gastric Juice ◽

Intrinsic Factor ◽

Normal Serum ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

Abstract 1. Normal gastric juice (intrinsic factor) and vitamin B12 together form a thermolabile hemopoietic factor which ripens megaloblasts in vitro, both gastric juice and B12 alone being inactive. 2. The hemopoietic factor in normal serum which ripens megaloblasts in vitro also appears to be thermolabile, heating to 56 C. for 2 hours destroying some of its activity. 3. The relationship of these factors is discussed and an extra-gastric as well as a gastric source of intrinsic factor is postulated.

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