scholarly journals Gir pålitelige tegn gyldige diagnoser? Den psykiatriske revolusjonen og bruk av diagnoseverktøyet SCID på en massemorder

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (25) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Dahl

Både reformen av den amerikanske diagnosemanualen Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) i 1980 og utviklingen av diagnoseverktøy basert på denne reformen, som Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Axis I Disorders (SCID I), har blitt kalt en revolusjon innenfor psykiatrien. Det viktigste med denne revolusjonen var at den la til grunn observerbare tegn og symptomer for diagnostiseringen. Den skulle, som de viktigste pådriverne for endringen framhevet, ”focus on observable behavior only”, og ikke gjøre slik psykatrien hadde gjort tidligere, å fokusere på ”unconscious processes.” Med fokus på det observerbare skulle psykiatriens diagnoser og verktøy bli mer pålitelige. Revolusjonen var en epistemologisk transformasjon. Denne artikkelen viser at den også var en ontologisk transformasjon. Grunnlaget for å fokusere på ”observable behavior only” var en tillit til statistiske analyser og at sykdommen ville vise seg gjennom et bestemt antall forekomster av tegn og symptomer. Fra et statistisk grunnlag som i høyden kunne brukes til å si noe om sannsynlighet for en sykdom, ble bestemte fordelinger av tegn brukt som grunnlag for å konkludere om bestemte sykdommers 156 Tidsskrift for Forskning i Sygdom og Samfund, nr. 25, 157-171 eksistens. Gyldigheten til sykdommer ble basert på statistiske beregninger av forekomster av observerbare tegn. Artikkelen problematiserer både det epistemologiske og ontologiske grunnlaget for denne revolusjonen gjennom en studie av de vitenskapelige arbeider og begrunnelser som ledet fram til transformasjonen, samt ved studie av diagnoseverktøyet SCID i bruk. SCID blir studert gjennom bruken av verktøyet på massemorderen Anders Behring Breivik. Dette caset er et unikt materiale siden SCID ble brukt to ganger av to forskjellige team av psykiatere, og med diametralt forskjellig utfall. Caset brukes dermed til å tydeliggjøre svakhetene med grunnlagstenkningen. Do reliable signs give valid diagnoses? The psychiatric revolution and the use of its diagnostic instrument on a mass murdererThe reform of the American diagnostic manual for mental illnesses, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) in 1980 and the development of psychometric instruments based on this reform, like the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Axis I Disorders (SCID I), has been called a revolution in psychiatry. The most important element in this revolution was that the diagnostic criteria was based on a knowledge production that “focus on observable behavior only”, and not, as psychiatry had done earlier, with “reference to unconscious processes.” By focusing on the observable, the diagnostic criteria and instruments in psychiatry should become more reliable. The revolution represented an epistemological transformation. This article shows that it was also an ontological transformation. The grounding for focusing on “observable behavior only” was a trust in statistical analyses and a belief that a specific illness could be found from specific number of appearances of signs and symptoms. From a statistical grounding, which could be used for saying something about the probability of an illness, specific distributions of signs were used for claiming the existence of illness. The validity of illnesses was based on statistical distributions of observable signs. This article problematizes the epistemological and ontological grounding of this revolution through a study of the scientific publications leading to the revolution and also by studying the use of the diagnostic instrument SCID. The latter is studied through the case of the mass murderer Anders Behring Breivik. This case gives a unique material, as Breivik was tested twice by two different psychiatric expert teams, but with diametrically opposed outcomes. The case is used to make evident some of the inherent weaknesses of the grounding.

2021 ◽  
pp. 101-122
Author(s):  
Edward Shorter

The decline of psychopharmacology began with the growing view that many of the diagnoses in the official Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) did not really exist. The paper that began the revolution in diagnosis in psychiatry was written by a discussion group of residents led by John Feighner. Then the DSM was drawn up using the diagnostic criteria known as the “Feighner criteria,” which Fritz Henn admitted were based on Emil Kraepelin's work. The various editions of Kraepelin's textbook in the 1900s lumped all the mood disorders into one big basin: manic-depressive insanity. In contrast, the ideas of Karl Leonhard provided a revolutionary recasting of the major illnesses that dismissed the Kraepelinian illness pool and implemented a strict division on the basis of polarity: unipolar depression vs. bipolar disorder.


1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 316-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Oulis ◽  
L Lykouras ◽  
J Hatzimanolis ◽  
V Tomaras

SummaryWe investigated the overall prevalence and the differential comorbidity of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)-III-R personality disorders in 166 remitted or recovered patients with schizophrenic (n = 102) or unipolar mood disorder (n = 64). Over 60% of both patient groups met the DSM-III-R criteria of at least one DSM-III-R personality disorder as assessed by means of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID-II-R), receiving on average 3.1 personality diagnoses. Neither DSM-III-R categories of personality disorders, nor scores on its three clusters A, B and C, nor total score on SCID-II-R differed significantly across the two groups. In conclusion, DSM-III-R personality disorders, although highly prevalent in schizophrenic and unipolar mood disorders, lack any specificity with respect to these categories of mental disorders.


2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lancer Naghdechi ◽  
Atef Bakhoum ◽  
Waguih William IsHak

In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), gender dysphoria (GD), previously known as gender identity disorder, is defined as distress or impairment in psychosocial, occupational, educational, or other areas of life due to a perceived disagreement between a person’s assigned gender, natal gender, and the gender currently experienced or expressed for at least 6 months. The DSM-5 mentions that one’s experienced gender may be outside of binary gender stereotypes. Diagnostic criteria are different for GD in children and in adolescents/adults. This review covers the definition, epidemiology, etiology/genetics, clinical manifestations, and studies/tests/treatments related to GD. Tables list the diagnostic criteria for GD and definitions of common terms. This review contains 2 tables and 30 references Key words: DSM-5, gender dysphoria, sexual reassignment surgery


2019 ◽  
pp. 209-216
Author(s):  
J. Paul Fedoroff

Abstract: Voyeuristic disorder is defined as a condition in which a person experiences persistent (at least 6 months), recurrent, and intense sexual arousal from observing an unsuspecting person who is naked, disrobing, or engaging in sexual activity, as manifested by fantasies, urges, or behaviors. The prevalence of true voyeuristic disorder is estimated to be as high as 12% in men and 4% in women. This chapter discusses the Fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and International Classification of Diseases diagnostic criteria for voyeuristic disorder, in addition to its diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. The recent literature on these topics is reviewed.


2019 ◽  
pp. 195-208
Author(s):  
J. Paul Fedoroff

Abstract: Transvestic disorder is defined as a condition in which there is persistent (at least 6 months), recurrent, and intense sexual arousal from wearing clothes associated with the opposite gender as evidenced by fantasies, urges, or behaviors. The condition causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. The term “transvestism” is used in this chapter in recognition that most people with transvestic interests never seek or require psychiatric care. This chapter discusses the Fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders diagnostic criteria for transvestic disorder, along with the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. The recent literature on these topics is reviewed.


1996 ◽  
Vol 168 (S30) ◽  
pp. 7-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Ulrich Wittchen

Comorbidity can be described broadly as the presence of more than one disorder in a person in a defined period of time (Wittchen & Essau, 1993). Stimulated by the introduction of explicit diagnostic criteria and operationalised diagnoses in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–III; APA, 1980) and the Diagnostic Criteria for Research in ICD–10 (WHO, 1991), numerous studies in the 1980s and early 1990s, have assessed the extent, the nature, and more recently, the implications of comorbidity for a better understanding of mental disorders. Most studies investigated the association of anxiety and mood disorders, but increasingly there are also studies looking into the association of mood disorders with other disorders (such as somatoform and substance use disorders (Wittchen et al, 1993, 1996)) as well as with somatic conditions (axis II) and personality disorders (axis III).


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