scholarly journals Global drivers of species variation in mobilized point-occurrence information

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten Meyer ◽  
Walter Jetz ◽  
Robert P Guralnick ◽  
Susanne A Fritz ◽  
Holger Kreft
Keyword(s):  
Species Level ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Level Variation ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Data Limitations ◽  
Global Drivers ◽  
Occurrence Records

Despite the central role of species distributions in ecology and conservation, occurrence information remains geographically and taxonomically incomplete and biased. Numerous socio-economic and ecological drivers of uneven record collection and mobilization among species have been suggested, but the generality of their effects remains untested. We develop scale-independent metrics of range coverage and geographical record bias, and apply them to 2.8M point-occurrence records of 3,625 mammal species to evaluate 13 putative drivers of species-level variation in data availability. We find that data limitations are mainly linked to range size and shape, and the geography of socio-economic conditions. Surprisingly, species attributes related to detection and collection probabilities, such as body size or diurnality, are much weaker predictors of the amount and range coverage of available records. Our results highlight the need to prioritize range-restricted species and to address the key socio-economic drivers of data bias in data mobilization efforts and distribution modeling.

scholarly journals Global drivers of species variation in mobilized point-occurrence information

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten Meyer ◽  
Walter Jetz ◽  
Robert P Guralnick ◽  
Susanne A Fritz ◽  
Holger Kreft
Keyword(s):  
Species Level ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Level Variation ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Data Limitations ◽  
Global Drivers ◽  
Occurrence Records

Despite the central role of species distributions in ecology and conservation, occurrence information remains geographically and taxonomically incomplete and biased. Numerous socio-economic and ecological drivers of uneven record collection and mobilization among species have been suggested, but the generality of their effects remains untested. We develop scale-independent metrics of range coverage and geographical record bias, and apply them to 2.8M point-occurrence records of 3,625 mammal species to evaluate 13 putative drivers of species-level variation in data availability. We find that data limitations are mainly linked to range size and shape, and the geography of socio-economic conditions. Surprisingly, species attributes related to detection and collection probabilities, such as body size or diurnality, are much weaker predictors of the amount and range coverage of available records. Our results highlight the need to prioritize range-restricted species and to address the key socio-economic drivers of data bias in data mobilization efforts and distribution modeling.

scholarly journals Global drivers of species variation in mobilized point-occurrence information

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten Meyer ◽  
Walter Jetz ◽  
Robert P Guralnick ◽  
Susanne A Fritz ◽  
Holger Kreft
Keyword(s):  
Species Level ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Level Variation ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Data Limitations ◽  
Global Drivers ◽  
Occurrence Records

Despite the central role of species distributions in ecology and conservation, occurrence information remains geographically and taxonomically incomplete and biased. Numerous socio-economic and ecological drivers of uneven record collection and mobilization among species have been suggested, but the generality of their effects remains untested. We develop scale-independent metrics of range coverage and geographical record bias, and apply them to 2.8M point-occurrence records of 3,625 mammal species to evaluate 13 putative drivers of species-level variation in data availability. We find that data limitations are mainly linked to range size and shape, and the geography of socio-economic conditions. Surprisingly, species attributes related to detection and collection probabilities, such as body size or diurnality, are much weaker predictors of the amount and range coverage of available records. Our results highlight the need to prioritize range-restricted species and to address the key socio-economic drivers of data bias in data mobilization efforts and distribution modeling.

Improving Conservation Outcomes: The Partnership Between Research and Management.

1996 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 315
Author(s):  
K.A. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Research Effort ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Research Management ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Restricted Distribution

Research, management and funding priorities for the conservation of rock-wallabies (Petrogale) has been widely considered at Federal, State and Territory levels in recent years. In general these reviews have been undertaken as part of broader examinations of conservation requirements for other mammal species and of other vertebrate classes. Accounts of the 15 recognised Petrogale species by various authors in Strahan (1995) shows the majority of species to be relatively common with two regarded as vulnerable and a further two regarded as rare. The overarching theme of the species accounts is nonetheless one of restricted distribution and diminishing numbers. The Marsupial and Monotreme Action Plan (Kennedy 1992) indicates a more serious situation with 6 species listed in endangered to potentially endangered categories. In preparing this paper on the priorities for rock- wallabies conservation there seemed to be no need for further review at a species level given the detail to be found in the above publications. Such evaluations are also the role of expert teams of national composition rather than a single individual having inevitable regional perspectives. What did seem important was to examine how we are faring in marshalling our resources to achieve tangible conservation outcomes from the efforts now being applied by the various Federal, State and Territory institutions involved in research and management. This paper attempts to place a quantitative measure of where research effort is being applied and how the involved agencies are combining to further the conservation of rock-wallabies.

Ecosystem Service Evaluation for Landscape Planning Policies

2019 ◽  
pp. 177-192
Author(s):  
Emma Salizzoni
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Landscape Planning ◽  
Service Evaluation ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Forest Ecosystem Services ◽  
Data Limitations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Careful Management

Ecosystem services (ES) are the subject of a constantly growing attention at the international level. Although in the most recent years significant progresses in ES evaluation have been made, important methodological challenges still exist. Among these, data availability is perhaps the most urgent one. High quality, spatially explicit, appropriate to the evaluation scale, and accessible data are needed to pursue an effective and reliable ES evaluation. These criteria drove the selection of data in a research relating to the assessment and valuation of forest ecosystem services (FES) in the Sardinia Region. However, it is not always possible to reach such data-quality targets. Big data could be an important resource to fill information gaps in the field of ES evaluation, though certain big data limitations suggest their careful management. Starting from the current research's outcomes with regard to assessment and valuation of FES in the Sardinia Region, the role of big data for supporting ES evaluation is eventually addressed.

Economic Significance of Social Capital

2011 ◽  
pp. 46-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Polishchuk ◽  
R. Menyashev
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Formal Institutions ◽  
Transmission Channels ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Bonding And Bridging ◽  
The Impact

The paper deals with economics of social capital which is defined as the capacity of society for collective action in pursuit of common good. Particular attention is paid to the interaction between social capital and formal institutions, and the impact of social capital on government efficiency. Structure of social capital and the dichotomy between its bonding and bridging forms are analyzed. Social capital measurement, its economic payoff, and transmission channels between social capital and economic outcomes are discussed. In the concluding section of the paper we summarize the results of our analysis of the role of social capital in economic conditions and welfare of Russian cities.

External Investigators' Follow-Up Intentions When Whistleblowers Report Healthcare Fraud: The Effects of Report Anonymity and Previous Confrontation

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-101
Author(s):  
Steven E. Kaplan ◽  
Danny Lanier ◽  
Kelly R. Pope ◽  
Janet A. Samuels
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Medical Provider ◽  
Perceived Credibility ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Critical Investigation

ABSTRACT Whistleblowing reports, if properly investigated, facilitate the early detection of fraud. Although critical, investigation-related decisions represent a relatively underexplored component of the whistleblowing process. Investigators are responsible for initially deciding whether to follow-up on reports alleging fraud. We report the results of an experimental study examining the follow-up intentions of highly experienced healthcare investigators. Participants, in the role of an insurance investigator, are asked to review a whistleblowing report alleging billing fraud occurring at a medical provider. Thus, participants are serving as external investigators. In a between-participant design, we manipulate the report type and whether the caller previously confronted the wrongdoer. We find that compared to an anonymous report, a non-anonymous report is perceived as more credible and follow-up intentions stronger. We also find that perceived credibility fully mediates the relationship between report type and follow-up intentions. Previous confrontation is not significantly associated with either perceived credibility or follow-up intentions. Data Availability: Data are available upon request.

scholarly journals Investment Portfolio, Democratic Accountability, Poverty and Income Inequality Nexus in Pakistan: A Way to Social Sustainability

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6411
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shahid Hassan ◽  
Haider Mahmood ◽  
Muhammad Ibrahim Saeed ◽  
Tarek Tawfik Yousef Alkhateeb ◽  
Noman Arshed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Sustainability ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Democratic Accountability ◽  
Investment Portfolio ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Autoregressive Distributed Lag ◽  
Short Run

Institutions help to streamline the economic activity-related procedures, where government intervention might be involved. Institutions also play a significant role in social sustainability. The findings using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag approach to cointegration for the period from 1984–2019 reveal that investment portfolio and democratic accountability reduce poverty in Pakistan both in the long and short run. Moreover, democratic accountability helps to reduce income inequality, but the investment portfolio’s role is not significant. The literacy rate helps to reduce income inequality, and inflation increases poverty and income inequality. The remittances increase income inequality, and urbanization increases poverty. To eradicate poverty and income inequality, the governments should be accountable for their actions to the general public while they remain in power. If they do not deliver as per their manifestoes, they will not be reelected in the next election. Moreover, there is a dire need to redefine the role of an investment portfolio to reduce the risk of investment. So, investments would increase economic activities and could reduce poverty and income inequality. This study contributes to the literature by inquiring about the role of the investment portfolio and democratic accountability in social sustainability by reducing poverty and income inequality. This study only considers Pakistan’s economy due to limitations of poverty data availability in other countries. The scope could further be broadened by accessing data for a wider Asia region to test the role of the investment portfolio and democratic accountability to reduce poverty and income inequality.

scholarly journals The Role of Enterobacteriaceae in Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 697
Author(s):  
Valerio Baldelli ◽  
Franco Scaldaferri ◽  
Lorenza Putignani ◽  
Federica Del Chierico
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Symbiotic Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are a group of chronic gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases with unknown etiology. There is a combination of well documented factors in their pathogenesis, including intestinal microbiota dysbiosis. The symbiotic microbiota plays important functions in the host, and the loss of beneficial microbes could favor the expansion of microbial pathobionts. In particular, the bloom of potentially harmful Proteobacteria, especially Enterobacteriaceae, has been described as enhancing the inflammatory response, as observed in IBDs. Herein, we seek to investigate the contribution of Enterobacteriaceae to IBD pathogenesis whilst considering the continuous expansion of the literature and data. Despite the mechanism of their expansion still remaining unclear, their expansion could be correlated with the increase in nitrate and oxygen levels in the inflamed gut and with the bile acid dysmetabolism described in IBD patients. Furthermore, in several Enterobacteriaceae studies conducted at a species level, it has been suggested that some adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) play an important role in IBD pathogenesis. Overall, this review highlights the pivotal role played by Enterobacteriaceae in gut dysbiosis associated with IBD pathogenesis and progression.

scholarly journals Observations of Tidal Flat Sedimentation within a Native and an Exotic Spartina Species

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1566
Author(s):  
Barbara Proença ◽  
Florian Ganthy ◽  
Richard Michalet ◽  
Aldo Sottolichio
Keyword(s):  
Single Point ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Level Variation ◽  
Wave Forcing ◽  
Bed Elevation ◽  
Sediment Stabilization ◽  
Consistent Response

Field measurements of bed elevation and related wave events were performed within a tidal marsh, on two cordgrass species, Spartina anglica (exotic) and Spartina maritima (native), in the Bay of Arcachon (SW France). Bed- and water-level time series were used to infer on the sediment behavior patterns from short to long term. A consistent response was found between the bed-level variation and the wave forcing, with erosion occurring during storms and accretion during low energy periods. Such behavior was observed within the two species, but the magnitude of bed-level variation was higher within the native than the exotic Spartina. These differences, in the order of millimeters, were explained by the opposite allocation of biomass of the two species. On the long term, the sedimentation/erosion patterns were dominated by episodic storm events. A general sediment deficit was observed on the site, suggested by an overall bed-level decrease registered within both species. However, further verification of within species variation needs to be considered when drawing conclusions. Despite possible qualitative limitations of the experimental design, due to single point survey, this work provides original and considerable field data to the understanding the different species ability to influence bed sediment stabilization and their potential to build marsh from the mudflat pioneer stage. Such information is valuable for coastal management in the context of global change.

Anticipating revisions in the transportation services index

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Tucker S. McElroy ◽  
Anindya Roy ◽  
James Livsey ◽  
Theresa Firestine ◽  
Ken Notis
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Vector Autoregression ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Forecast Errors ◽  
Release Date ◽  
Transportation Services ◽  
Publication Delay ◽  
Source Data ◽  
Out Of Sample

The Transportation Services Index (TSI) lags two months from its release date due to source data availability, and it is desirable to publish a preliminary TSI that is advanced two months ahead. We model and forecast TSI with a co-integrated Vector Autoregression, also considering two explanatory series that do not have publication delay. Thus we are able to produce forecasts and nowcasts of the index, and we demonstrate that – during normal economic conditions – out-of-sample performance is within the scope expected by the forecast confidence intervals. We also examine the performance of the models at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the large forecast errors at this regime change are beyond the bounds indicated by our model. The practical ramifications of this methodology is discussed.

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