scholarly journals Comparative description and ossification patterns of Dendropsophus labialis (Peters, 1863) and Scinax ruber (Laurenti, 1758)(Anura: Hylidae)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angélica Arenas Rodríguez ◽  
Juan Francisco Rubiano ◽  
Julio Mario Hoyos
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Skeletal Development ◽  
Spinal Column ◽  
Transverse Process ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Staining Techniques ◽  
Ossification Sequences ◽  
Comparative Description ◽  
Ossification Sequence

Although comparative studies of anuran ontogeny have provided new data on heterochrony in the life cycles of frogs, most of them have not included Colombian species. Using different staining techniques, we describe the cranial and poscranial elements development in two hylid species, Scinax ruber and Dendropsophus labialis, providing new data for more comprehensive ontogenetic studies in Neotropical frogs. We examined specimens from Gosner stages 25 to 45. We found differences in the infrarostral and suprarostral cartilages, optic foramen, planum ethmoidale, and the gill apparatus. In the ossification sequence, one of the first elements to ossify were the transverse process of spinal column and atlas in both species, and the parasphenoid in the skull. New descriptions of skeletal development and ossification sequences of larval stages of these two species, especially data concerning the postcranium, contribute with useful information for analysis of sequential heterochrony, because although the hylids are widely known, there are few works (15 of 700 species) about ossification sequence that include the whole skeleton.

scholarly journals Comparative description and ossification patterns of Dendropsophus labialis (Peters, 1863) and Scinax ruber (Laurenti, 1758)(Anura: Hylidae)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angélica Arenas Rodríguez ◽  
Juan Francisco Rubiano ◽  
Julio Mario Hoyos
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Skeletal Development ◽  
Spinal Column ◽  
Transverse Process ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Staining Techniques ◽  
Ossification Sequences ◽  
Comparative Description ◽  
Ossification Sequence

Although comparative studies of anuran ontogeny have provided new data on heterochrony in the life cycles of frogs, most of them have not included Colombian species. Using different staining techniques, we describe the cranial and poscranial elements development in two hylid species, Scinax ruber and Dendropsophus labialis, providing new data for more comprehensive ontogenetic studies in Neotropical frogs. We examined specimens from Gosner stages 25 to 45. We found differences in the infrarostral and suprarostral cartilages, optic foramen, planum ethmoidale, and the gill apparatus. In the ossification sequence, one of the first elements to ossify were the transverse process of spinal column and atlas in both species, and the parasphenoid in the skull. New descriptions of skeletal development and ossification sequences of larval stages of these two species, especially data concerning the postcranium, contribute with useful information for analysis of sequential heterochrony, because although the hylids are widely known, there are few works (15 of 700 species) about ossification sequence that include the whole skeleton.

scholarly journals Comparative description and ossification patterns ofDendropsophus labialis(Peters, 1863) andScinax ruber(Laurenti, 1758) (Anura: Hylidae)

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angélica Arenas-Rodríguez ◽  
Juan Francisco Rubiano Vargas ◽  
Julio Mario Hoyos
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Vertebral Column ◽  
Skeletal Development ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Differential Staining ◽  
Large Group ◽  
Staining Techniques ◽  
Ossification Sequences ◽  
Comparative Description ◽  
Ossification Sequence

Although comparative studies of anuran ontogeny have provided new data on heterochrony in the life cycles of frogs, most of them have not included ossification sequences. Using differential staining techniques, we observe and describe differences and similarities of cranial and postcranial development in two hylid species,Scinax ruber(Scinaxinae) andDendropsophus labialis(Hylinae), providing new data of ontogenetic studies in these Colombian species. We examined tadpoles raining from Gosner Stages 25 to 45. We found differences between species in the infrarostral and suprarostral cartilages, optic foramen, planum ethmoidale, and gill apparatus. In both species, the first elements to ossify were the atlas and transverse processes of the vertebral column and the parasphenoid. Both species exhibited suprascapular processes as described in other hylids. Although the hylids comprise a large group (over 700 species), postcranial ossification sequence is only known for 15 species. Therefore, the descriptions of the skeletal development and ossification sequences provided herein will be useful for future analyses of heterochrony in the group.

scholarly journals Amphibian Hormones, Calcium Physiology, Bone Weight, and Lung Use Call for a More Inclusive Approach to Understanding Ossification Sequence Evolution

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher S. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Skeletal Development ◽  
Sequence Evolution ◽  
Larval Habitats ◽  
Inclusive Approach ◽  
Embryonic Origin ◽  
Ossification Sequences ◽  
Ossification Process ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Ossification Sequence

Skeleton plays a huge role in understanding how vertebrate animals have diversified in phylogeny, ecology and behavior. Recent evo-devo research has used ossification sequences to compare skeletal development among major groups, to identify conserved and labile aspects of a sequence within a group, to derive ancestral and modal sequences, and to look for modularity based on embryonic origin and type of bone. However, questions remain about how to detect and order bone appearances, the adaptive significance of ossification sequences and their relationship to adult function, and the utility of categorizing bones by embryonic origin and type. Also, the singular focus on bone appearances and the omission of other tissues and behavioral, ecological and life history events limit the relevance of such analyses. Amphibians accentuate these concerns because of their highly specialized biphasic life histories and the exceptionally late timing, and high variability of their ossification sequences. Amphibians demonstrate a need for a whole-animal, whole-ontogeny approach that integrates the entire ossification process with physiology, behavior and ecology. I discuss evidence and hypotheses for how hormone mediation and calcium physiology might elicit non-adaptive variability in ossification sequence, and for adaptive strategies to partition larval habitats using bone to offset the buoyancy created by lung use. I also argue that understanding plasticity in ossification requires shifting focus away from embryonic development and adult function, and toward postembryonic mechanisms of regulating skeletal growth, especially ones that respond directly to midlife environments and behaviors.

scholarly journals Molecular data reshape our understanding of the life cycles of three digeneans (Monorchiidae and Gymnophallidae) infecting the bivalve, Donax variabilis: it’s just a facultative host!

Parasite ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Kristina M. Hill-Spanik ◽  
Claudia Sams ◽  
Vincent A. Connors ◽  
Tessa Bricker ◽  
Isaure de Buron
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Complete Life Cycle ◽  
Morphological Criteria ◽  
Donax Variabilis

The coquina, Donax variabilis, is a known intermediate host of monorchiid and gymnophallid digeneans. Limited morphological criteria for the host and the digeneans’ larval stages have caused confusion in records. Herein, identities of coquinas from the United States (US) Atlantic coast were verified molecularly. We demonstrate that the current GenBank sequences for D. variabilis are erroneous, with the US sequence referring to D. fossor. Two cercariae and three metacercariae previously described in the Gulf of Mexico and one new cercaria were identified morphologically and molecularly, with only metacercariae occurring in both hosts. On the Southeast Atlantic coast, D. variabilis’ role is limited to being a facultative second intermediate host, and D. fossor, an older species, acts as both first and second intermediate hosts. Sequencing demonstrated 100% similarities between larval stages for each of the three digeneans. Sporocysts, single tail cercariae, and metacercariae in the incurrent siphon had sequences identical to those of monorchiid Lasiotocus trachinoti, for which we provide the complete life cycle. Adults are not known for the other two digeneans, and sequences from their larval stages were not identical to any in GenBank. Large sporocysts, cercariae (Cercaria choanura), and metacercariae in the coquinas’ foot were identified as Lasiotocus choanura (Hopkins, 1958) n. comb. Small sporocysts, furcocercous cercariae, and metacercariae in the mantle were identified as gymnophallid Parvatrema cf. donacis. We clarify records wherein authors recognized the three digenean species but confused their life stages, and probably the hosts, as D. variabilis is sympatric with cryptic D. texasianus in the Gulf of Mexico.

Life Cycles

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan A. Pechenik
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Offspring Size ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Volume Number ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Life Cycle Evolution

I have a Hardin cartoon on my office door. It shows a series of animals thinking about the meaning of life. In sequence, we see a lobe-finned fish, a salamander, a lizard, and a monkey, all thinking, “Eat, survive, reproduce; eat, survive, reproduce.” Then comes man: “What's it all about?” he wonders. Organisms live to reproduce. The ultimate selective pressure on any organism is to survive long enough and well enough to pass genetic material to a next generation that will also be successful in reproducing. In this sense, then, every morphological, physiological, biochemical, or behavioral adaptation contributes to reproductive success, making the field of life cycle evolution a very broad one indeed. Key components include mode of sexuality, age and size at first reproduction (Roff, this volume), number of reproductive episodes in a lifetime, offspring size (Messina and Fox, this volume), fecundity, the extent to which parents protect their offspring and how that protection is achieved, source of nutrition during development, survival to maturity, the consequences of shifts in any of these components, and the underlying mechanisms responsible for such shifts. Many of these issues are dealt with in other chapters. Here I focus exclusively on animals, and on a particularly widespread sort of life cycle that includes at least two ecologically distinct free-living stages. Such “complex life cycles” (Istock 1967) are especially common among amphibians and fishes (Hall and Wake 1999), and within most invertebrate groups, including insects (Gilbert and Frieden 1981), crustaceans, bivalves, gastropods, polychaete worms, echinoderms, bryozoans, and corals and other cnidarians (Thorson 1950). In such life cycles, the juvenile or adult stage is reached by metamorphosing from a preceding, free-living larval stage. In many species, metamorphosis involves a veritable revolution in morphology, ecology, behavior, and physiology, sometimes taking place in as little as a few minutes or a few hours. In addition to the issues already mentioned, key components of such complex life cycles include the timing of metamorphosis (i.e., when it occurs), the size at which larvae metamorphose, and the consequences of metamorphosing at particular times or at particular sizes. The potential advantages of including larval stages in the life history have been much discussed.

scholarly journals Correlated and decoupled evolution of adult and larval body size in frogs

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1933) ◽  
pp. 20201474
Author(s):  
Tung X. Phung ◽  
João C. S. Nascimento ◽  
Alexander J. Novarro ◽  
John J. Wiens
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Major Group ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Larval Body ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Rates Of Evolution ◽  
Adult Body ◽  
Body Sizes

The majority of animal species have complex life cycles, in which larval stages may have very different morphologies and ecologies relative to adults. Anurans (frogs) provide a particularly striking example. However, the extent to which larval and adult morphologies (e.g. body size) are correlated among species has not been broadly tested in any major group. Recent studies have suggested that larval and adult morphology are evolutionarily decoupled in frogs, but focused within families and did not compare the evolution of body sizes. Here, we test for correlated evolution of adult and larval body size across 542 species from 42 families, including most families with a tadpole stage. We find strong phylogenetic signal in larval and adult body sizes, and find that both traits are significantly and positively related across frogs. However, this relationship varies dramatically among clades, from strongly positive to weakly negative. Furthermore, rates of evolution for both variables are largely decoupled among clades. Thus, some clades have high rates of adult body-size evolution but low rates in tadpole body size (and vice versa). Overall, we show for the first time that body sizes are generally related between adult and larval stages across a major group, even as evolutionary rates of larval and adult size are largely decoupled among species and clades.

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