Computer Network Music Bands: A History of The League of Automatic Music Composers and The Hub

Talking Drum is an interactive computer network music installation designed for the diffusion of cyclically repeating rhythms produced by four electronically synchronized instruments separated by distances up to 50 feet (16 m). The reverberant character of the performance space and the distance-related time-delays between stations combine with the speed and rhythms of the music to create a complex, multifocal mix that audiences explore by moving independently through the installation. The software uses Afro-Cuban musical concepts as a model for creating an interactive drum machine. It implements a simple genetic algorithm to mediate the interaction between pre-composed and improvised rhythms.

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Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Encyclopedia of Developing Regional Communities with Information and Communication Technology ◽

10.4018/978-1-59140-575-7.ch087 ◽

2005 ◽

pp. 494-496

Author(s):

Jiankun Hu

Keyword(s):

Communication Networks ◽

Computer Networks ◽

Ad Hoc ◽

Packet Switching ◽

Computer Network ◽

Circuit Switching ◽

Telephone Networks ◽

History Of ◽

Geographically Distributed ◽

Hoc Networks

he history of computer networks can be traced back to the early 1960s, when voice-grade telephone networks dominated the communication networks. With the increasing importance of computers, as well as the ever-increasing expense of centralized mainframe computers that were growing in size, there was a need to decentralize computer systems. This trend also highlighted the need to connect computers together, by means of computer networks, so that their capacity could be shared among geographically distributed users. Unlike the circuit switching telephone networks, where voice is transmitted at a constant rate between sender and receiver, the traffic in computer networks tends to be bursty. To meet the requirements of data communications, people began to invent more efficient and robust networks, i.e., packet switching networks. The first published work on packet-switching techniques was that of Leonard Kleinrock (Kleinrock, 1961, 1964). The first packet-switching computer network called ARPANET was developed in 1969 and then became the ancestor of today’s public Internet (Kurose & Ross, 2001).

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Artificial Intelligence Waves on Space Computation Management: A Review Report

Engineering International ◽

10.18034/ei.v8i2.500 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 53-60

Author(s):

Mostafijur Rahman ◽

Ruhul Amin

Keyword(s):

Computer Network ◽

Aerospace Industry ◽

Space Vehicle ◽

Computer Networking ◽

The Internet ◽

The World ◽

History Of ◽

Reservation System ◽

Computation Management ◽

Flight Simulations

When writing about the history of the internet, it is important to note that aerospace was among the significant pioneers in computer networking computer network for private was used in first airline reservation system “SABRE” in 1960 for American airlines. While sage was the first computer system in the world, its deficiencies led to the development of ARPANET. These systems formed the foundations for the internet and the development of other computer programs in aerospace, any deficiency led to the invention of a new program, giving birth to programming, CAD, and CAM that brought about simulations. Aerospace computing has evolved over the years and is now carrying the whole weight of the aerospace industry. Before the launch of any space vehicle or satellite, simulation has become a necessary step, checking for weaknesses for corrections to be done on the ground. Besides, computer simulation has been essential in training, facilitating the training of pilots worldwide. This article presents more information regarding the application of AI in aerospace computing, flight simulations, and their advantages in the aerospace industry.

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Non-Mathematical Musings on Information Theory and Networked Musical Practice

Organised Sound ◽

10.1017/s1355771821000418 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 327-332

Author(s):

Phil Stone

Keyword(s):

Information Theory ◽

Mathematical Theory ◽

Quantum Physics ◽

Computer Network ◽

Information Revolution ◽

Digital Information ◽

Modern Life ◽

Personal Connection ◽

Musical Practice ◽

Network Music

Claude Shannon’s 1948 paper ‘A Mathematical Theory of Communication’ provided the essential foundation for the digital/information revolution that enables these very pixels to glow in meaningful patterns and permeates nearly every aspect of modern life. Information Theory, born fully grown from this paper, has been applied and mis-applied to a multitude of disciplines in the last 70-odd years, from quantum physics to psychology. Shannon himself famously decried those jumping on the ‘scientific bandwagon’ of Information Theory without sufficient mathematical rigour. Nevertheless, having a brief personal connection to Dr Shannon (and being extremely grateful for it), I will take the liberty of colouring some of my experience with computer network music with less-than-rigorous insights gained from his work.

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A Personal Reminiscence on the Roots of Computer Network Music

Leonardo Music Journal ◽

10.1162/lmj_a_01022 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 27 ◽

pp. 71-77

Author(s):

Scot Gresham-Lancaster

Keyword(s):

Electronic Music ◽

Computer Network ◽

Artistic Practice ◽

Music Making ◽

Personal Reminiscence ◽

Early Computer ◽

Network Music ◽

Heterogeneous Quality ◽

Transition Points ◽

Fundamental Shift

This historical reminiscence details the evolution of a type of electronic music called “computer network music.” Early computer network music had a heterogeneous quality, with independent composers forming a collective; over time, it has transitioned into the more autonomous form of university-centered “laptop orchestra.” This transition points to a fundamental shift in the cultural contexts in which this artistic practice was and is embedded: The early work derived from the post-hippie, neo-punk anarchism of cooperatives whose members dreamed that machines would enable a kind of utopia. The latter is a direct outgrowth of the potential inherent in what networks actually are and of a sense of social cohesion based on uniformity and standardization. The discovery that this style of computer music-making can be effectively used as a curricular tool has also deeply affected the evolution and approaches of many in the field.

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Self-Defense

International Law ◽

10.1093/obo/9780199796953-0028 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Mary Ellen O’Connell

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

International Law ◽

Computer Network ◽

Use Of Force ◽

Government Policies ◽

Military Force ◽

Self Defense ◽

History Of ◽

The Right ◽

Computer Network Attacks

Humanity has always recognized that individuals should have the right to defend themselves from violence. In international law this basic normative intuition is codified for states in the Charter of the United Nations, Article 51 (see Randelzhofer 2002, cited under Conditions in Article 51). Article 51 is an exception to the Charter’s general prohibition on the use of force found in Article 2(4). The prohibition on the use of force is at the heart of the Charter, given that the most fundamental aim of the Charter and the UN organization created by the Charter is to “save succeeding generations from the scourge of war” (Preamble). It stands to reason that any right to use force as an exception to the general prohibition on resort to force would be narrow. Article 51 permits a state to act in unilateral or collective self-defense only “if an armed attack occurs.” This article concerns the international law exception to the prohibition on force for self-defense. The commentary on Article 51 is extensive and generally falls into one of two categories: first, scholarship, judicial decisions, and government policies that support Article 51’s plain terms; second, scholarship and government policies that advocate expanding the right to use force beyond Article 51’s provisions. The writers in these two categories have various labels but are most commonly referred to as the “strict” interpreters versus the “broad” interpreters. One author refers to the groups as the “restrictivists” versus the “antirestrictivists.” The divergence of views can be explained to some extent by the differing assessments writers make about the utility of resort to military force. The UN Charter was drafted at the end of World War II, when confidence in military force was certainly low and commitment to ending the use of force was high. Fifty years later, perhaps frustrated by the lack of success with other means, writers (especially in a few militarily powerful states) urged relaxing the rules against force to respond to terrorism, weapons programs, and computer network attacks. Some try to justify force under the principles of necessity and proportionality, rules beyond the UN Charter but equally important in the long history of normative thinking on killing in self-defense.

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Designing Freedom, Regulating a Nation: Socialist Cybernetics in Allende's Chile

Journal of Latin American Studies ◽

10.1017/s0022216x06001179 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 571-606 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

EDEN MEDINA

Keyword(s):

Computer Network ◽

Economic Data ◽

Salvador Allende ◽

Early Computer ◽

History Of ◽

Rapid Transmission ◽

The Government ◽

Factory Floor ◽

Social Property

This article presents a history of ‘Project Cybersyn’, an early computer network developed in Chile during the socialist presidency of Salvador Allende (1970–1973) to regulate the growing social property area and manage the transition of Chile's economy from capitalism to socialism. Under the guidance of British cybernetician Stafford Beer, often lauded as the ‘father of management cybernetics’, an interdisciplinary Chilean team designed cybernetic models of factories within the nationalised sector and created a network for the rapid transmission of economic data between the government and the factory floor. The article describes the construction of this unorthodox system, examines how its structure reflected the socialist ideology of the Allende government, and documents the contributions of this technology to the Allende administration.

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Free Enterprise: Virtual Capital and Counterfeit Music at the End of the Century

Leonardo Music Journal ◽

10.1162/096112199750316758 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 19-22

Author(s):

Mark Trayle

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

Credit Card ◽

Computer Network ◽

Free Enterprise ◽

Virtual Economy ◽

Network Music ◽

Late Twentieth ◽

The 1960S ◽

Organizational Science ◽

Late Twentieth Century

How does a piece of computer network music reflect the virtual economy of the late twentieth century? Was the “open-form” music of the 1960s a bedfellow of organizational science? The author conjectures about the nature of distributed composition and the socioeconomic implications of its application in a composition for networked credit card readers.

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