scholarly journals Dynamics of venom composition across a complex life cycle

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaara Y Columbus-Shenkar ◽  
Maria Y Sachkova ◽  
Jason Macrander ◽  
Arie Fridrich ◽  
Vengamanaidu Modepalli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Sessile Polyp ◽  
Venom Composition ◽  
Transgenic Tools ◽  
Eggs And Larvae ◽  
Production Dynamics

Little is known about venom in young developmental stages of animals. The appearance of toxins and stinging cells during early embryonic stages in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis suggests that venom is already expressed in eggs and larvae of this species. Here, we harness transcriptomic, biochemical and transgenic tools to study venom production dynamics in Nematostella. We find that venom composition and arsenal of toxin-producing cells change dramatically between developmental stages of this species. These findings can be explained by the vastly different interspecific interactions of each life stage, as individuals develop from a miniature non-feeding mobile planula to a larger sessile polyp that predates on other animals and interact differently with predators. Indeed, behavioral assays involving prey, predators and Nematostella are consistent with this hypothesis. Further, the results of this work suggest a much wider and dynamic venom landscape than initially appreciated in animals with a complex life cycle.

scholarly journals Dynamics of venom composition across a complex life cycle

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaara Y. Columbus-Shenkar ◽  
Maria Y. Sachkova ◽  
Arie Fridrich ◽  
Vengamanaidu Modepalli ◽  
Kartik Sunagar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Nematostella Vectensis ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Sea Anemones ◽  
Sessile Polyp ◽  
Venom Composition ◽  
Production Dynamics

AbstractLittle is known about venom in young developmental stages of animals. The appearance of stinging cells in very early life stages of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis suggests that toxins and venom are synthesized already in eggs, embryos and larvae of this species. Here we harness transcriptomic and biochemical tools as well as transgenesis to study venom production dynamics in Nematostella. We find that the venom composition and arsenal of toxin-producing cells change dramatically between developmental stages of this species. These findings might be explained by the vastly different ecology of the larva and adult polyp as sea anemones develop from a miniature non-feeding mobile planula to a much larger sessile polyp that predates on other animals. Further, the results suggest a much wider and dynamic venom landscape than initially appreciated in animals with a complex life cycle.

Whirling Disease: Reviews and Current Topics

2002 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Fish Host ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Developmental Cycle ◽  
Myxobolus Cerebralis ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
Complex Development ◽  
The One

<em>ABSTRACT. Myxobolus cerebralis </em>possesses unique phenotypic and genotypic characteristics when compared with other histozoic parasites from the phylum Myxozoa. The parasite infects the cartilage and thereby induces a serious and potentially lethal disease in salmonid fish. Comparisons of the small subunit ribosomal DNA (ssu rDNA) sequences of <em>M. cerebralis </em>to other myxozoans demonstrate that the parasite has evolved separately from other <em>Myxobolus </em>spp. that may appear in cartilage or nervous tissues of the fish host. <em>Myxobolus cerebralis </em>has a complex life cycle involving two hosts and numerous developmental stages that may divide by mitosis, endogeny, or plasmotomy, and, at one stage, by meiosis. In the salmonid host, the parasite undergoes extensive migration from initial sites of attachment to the epidermis, through the nervous system, to reach cartilage, the site where sporogenesis occurs. During this migration, parasite numbers may increase by replication. Sporogenesis is initiated by autogamy, a process typical of pansporoblastic myxosporean development that involves the union of the one cell (pericyte) with another (sporogonic). Following this union, the sporogonic cell will give rise to all subsequent cells that differentiate into the lenticular shaped spore with a diameter of approximately 10 µm. This spore or myxospore is an environmentally resistant stage characterized by two hardened valves surrounding two polar capsules with coiled filaments and a binucleate sporoplasm cell. In the fish, these spores are found only in cartilage where they reside until released from fish that die or are consumed by other fish or fish-eating animals (e.g., birds). Spores reaching the aquatic sediments can be ingested and hatch in susceptible oligochaete hosts. The released sporoplasm invades and then resides between cells of the intestinal mucosa. In contrast to the parasite in the fish host, the parasite in the oligochaete undergoes the entire developmental cycle in this location. This developmental cycle involves merogony, gametogamy or the formation of haploid gametes, and sporogony. The actinosporean spores, formed at the culmination of this development, are released into the lumen of the intestine, prior to discharging into the aquatic environment. The mechanisms underlying the complex development of <em>M. cerebralis</em>, and its interactions with both hosts, are poorly understood. Recent advances, however, are providing insights into the factors that mediate certain phases of the infection. In this review, we consider known and recently obtained information on the taxonomy, development, and life cycle of the parasite.

scholarly journals Life cycle of Early Cambrian microalgae from theSkiagia-plexus acritarchs

2010 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Moczydłowska
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Early Cambrian ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Vegetative Cells ◽  
Depositional Settings ◽  
Sexual Generation ◽  
Sheath Structure

Light microscopy studies on new materials and museum collections of early Cambrian organic-walled microfossils, informally called acritarchs, provide the observations on phenetic features that permit a comparison to certain Modern microalgae and the recognition of various developmental stages in their life cycle. the microfossils derive from various depositional settings in Estonia, Australia, Greenland, Sweden, and Poland. the exceptionally preserved microfossils reveal the internal body within the vesicle, the endocyst, and the process of releasing the endocyst from the cyst. Vegetative cells, cysts, and endocysts are distinguished, and the hypothetical reconstruction of a complex life cycle with the alternation of sexual and asexual generations is proposed. Acritarchs from theSkiagia-plexus are cysts, and likely zygotes in the sexual generation, which periodically rested as “benthic plankton.” Some microfossils of theLeiosphaeridia-plexus that are inferred to be vegetative cells were planktonic and probably haplobiontic. These form-taxa may belong to a single biological species, or a few closely related species, and represent the developmental stages and alternating generations in a complex life cycle that is expressed by polymorphic, sphaero- and acanthomorphic acritarchs. the morphological resemblance and diagnostic cell wall ultrastructure with the trilaminar sheath structure known from earlier studies suggest that the early Cambrian microfossils are the ancestral representatives and/or early lineages to the Modern class Chlorophyceae and the orders Volvocales and Chlorococcales.

scholarly journals Structure and Dynamics of the Gut Bacterial Community Across the Developmental Stages of the Coffee Berry Borer, Hypothenemus hampei

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernan Santiago Mejía-Alvarado ◽  
Thaura Ghneim-Herrera ◽  
Carmenza E. Góngora ◽  
Pablo Benavides ◽  
Lucio Navarro-Escalante
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Insect Control ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Hypothenemus Hampei ◽  
Coffee Berry ◽  
Structure And Dynamics

The coffee berry borer (CBB); Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is widely recognized as the major insect pest of coffee crops. Like many other arthropods, CBB harbors numerous bacteria species that may have important physiological roles in host nutrition, detoxification, immunity and protection. To date, the structure and dynamics of the gut-associated bacterial community across the CBB life cycle is not yet well understood. A better understanding of the complex relationship between CBB and its bacterial companions may provide new opportunities for insect control. In the current investigation, we analyzed the diversity and abundance of gut microbiota across the CBB developmental stages under field conditions by using high-throughput Illumina sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Overall, 15 bacterial phyla, 38 classes, 61 orders, 101 families and 177 genera were identified across all life stages, including egg, larva 1, larva 2, pupa, and adults (female and male). Proteobacteria and Firmicutes phyla dominated the microbiota along the entire insect life cycle. Among the 177 genera, the 10 most abundant were members of Ochrobactrum (15.1%), Pantoea (6.6%), Erwinia (5.7%), Lactobacillus (4.3%), Acinetobacter (3.4%), Stenotrophomonas (3.1%), Akkermansia (3.0%), Agrobacterium (2.9%), Curtobacterium (2.7%), and Clostridium (2.7%). We found that the overall bacterial composition is diverse, variable within each life stage and appears to vary across development. About 20% of the identified OTUs were shared across all life stages, from which 28 OTUs were consistently found in all life stage replicates. Among these OTUs there are members of genera Pantoea, Erwinia, Agrobacterium, Ochrobactrum, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Brachybacterium, Sphingomonas and Methylobacterium, which can be considered as the gut-associated core microbiota of H. hampei. Our findings bring additional data to enrich the understanding of gut microbiota in CBB and its possible use for development of insect control strategies.

scholarly journals Developmental plasticity and the evolution of animal complex life cycles

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1540) ◽  
pp. 631-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Minelli ◽  
Giuseppe Fusco
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Ecological Condition ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Complex Life Cycles ◽  
Transcription Profiles ◽  
Alternative Phenotypes ◽  
Reproductive Events

Metazoan life cycles can be complex in different ways. A number of diverse phenotypes and reproductive events can sequentially occur along the cycle, and at certain stages a variety of developmental and reproductive options can be available to the animal, the choice among which depends on a combination of organismal and environmental conditions. We hypothesize that a diversity of phenotypes arranged in developmental sequence throughout an animal's life cycle may have evolved by genetic assimilation of alternative phenotypes originally triggered by environmental cues. This is supported by similarities between the developmental mechanisms mediating phenotype change and alternative phenotype determination during ontogeny and the common ecological condition that favour both forms of phenotypic variation. The comparison of transcription profiles from different developmental stages throughout a complex life cycle with those from alternative phenotypes in closely related polyphenic animals is expected to offer critical evidence upon which to evaluate our hypothesis.

Changes in the gut microbial community of the eastern newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) across its three distinct life stages

2021 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha S Fontaine ◽  
Patrick M Mineo ◽  
Kevin D Kohl
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Community Assembly ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Notophthalmus Viridescens ◽  
Selective Forces ◽  
Eastern Newt ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Gut Microbial Community

ABSTRACT Understanding the forces that shape vertebrate gut microbial community assembly and composition throughout development is a major focus of the microbiome field. Here, we utilize the complex life cycle of the eastern newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) as a natural wild model to compare the effects of host and environmental factors on gut microbiome development. We compared bacterial inventories of each of the newt's three physiologically distinct developmental stages to determine if each hosted a unique community, or if the two stages which share an aquatic habitat (larvae and adults) harbored more similar communities than those of the third stage, the terrestrial juvenile eft. Additionally, we assessed how the contribution of selective processes to gut microbial assembly changed through development. We found that structurally, each life stage harbored a distinct community, which may be attributable to host factors. Further, across development, we found that community assembly processes shifted from a predominance of neutral to selective forces. However, habitat may also be important in determining community membership and diversity due the uniqueness of eft communities based on these metrics. Our results are similar to those in other vertebrate taxa, suggesting that gut microbiota assembly processes may be conserved across diverse lineages.

scholarly journals Author response: Dynamics of venom composition across a complex life cycle

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaara Y Columbus-Shenkar ◽  
Maria Y Sachkova ◽  
Jason Macrander ◽  
Arie Fridrich ◽  
Vengamanaidu Modepalli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Author Response ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Response Dynamics ◽  
Venom Composition

Comparison of Ozone and Chlorine Toxicity to the Developmental Stages of Striped Bass, Morone saxatilis

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 752-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenwood W. Hall Jr. ◽  
Dennis T. Burton ◽  
Leonard B. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Striped Bass ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Morone Saxatilis ◽  
Estuarine Water ◽  
Toxicity Data ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Chlorine Toxicity ◽  
Eggs And Larvae ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

Toxicity of ozone-produced oxidants (OPO) to striped bass, Morone saxatilis, eggs, larvae, and fingerlings was determined under continuous-flow conditions. Eggs, tested in both fresh and estuarine water, were found to be significantly (P < 0.001) more sensitive to OPO in freshwater. The higher sensitivity found for striped bass eggs in freshwater suggests that ozone could have a more pronounced effect if discharged in freshwater industrial or municipal wastewaters located in the vicinity of a striped bass spawning area. The ozone data collected in this study were compared with previously published chlorine toxicity data for each striped bass life stage. The toxicity of chlorine and ozone was found to be similar with striped bass eggs and larvae in estuarine water. LC50's for fingerlings were 0.20 mg/L OPO at 6 h and 0.08 mg/L OPO at 96 h.Key words: ozone, oxidants, chlorine, striped bass, Morone saxatilis; wastewaters

scholarly journals Do cave orb spiders show unique behavioural adaptations to subterranean life? A review of the evidence

Behaviour ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 156 (10) ◽  
pp. 969-996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Hesselberg ◽  
Daniel Simonsen ◽  
Carlos Juan
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Surface Phase ◽  
Cave Environment ◽  
Surface Dwelling ◽  
Behavioural Adaptations

Abstract Interest for subterranean biology has risen sharply in recent years due to the simplicity of the cave environment. However, most studies have focussed on morphology with few studies looking at behaviour. The cave orb spiders show some unique behavioural adaptations compared to other orb spiders, including rudimentary orb webs, off-web foraging and a complex life cycle with a surface phase. Here, we compare these behavioural adaptations in the European Meta menardi and Meta bourneti to similar behaviours in surface-dwelling orb spiders. We find that current data suggest (1) an extreme reduction in the number of frame threads, (2) evidence of capturing non-flying prey, but not necessarily evidence for off-web foraging and (3) dispersal through a surface-dwelling life stage, but with data lacking on the role of ballooning and their return to caves. We conclude that Meta spiders have potential as model organisms for studies on behavioural adaptations and flexibility.

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