scholarly journals Symptom evolution following the emergence of maize streak virus

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adérito L Monjane ◽  
Simon Dellicour ◽  
Penelope Hartnady ◽  
Kehinde A Oyeniran ◽  
Betty E Owor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Maize Streak Virus ◽  
Streak Virus ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
The Past ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Maize Genotypes ◽  
Single Host

For pathogens infecting single host species evolutionary trade-offs have previously been demonstrated between pathogen-induced mortality rates and transmission rates. It remains unclear, however, how such trade-offs impact sub-lethal pathogen-inflicted damage, and whether these trade-offs even occur in broad host-range pathogens. Here, we examine changes over the past 110 years in symptoms induced in maize by the broad host-range pathogen, maize streak virus (MSV). Specifically, we use the quantified symptom intensities of cloned MSV isolates in differentially resistant maize genotypes to phylogenetically infer ancestral symptom intensities and check for phylogenetic signal associated with these symptom intensities. We show that whereas symptoms reflecting harm to the host have remained constant or decreased, there has been an increase in how extensively MSV colonizes the cells upon which transmission vectors feed. This demonstrates an evolutionary trade-off between amounts of pathogen-inflicted harm and how effectively viruses position themselves within plants to enable onward transmission.

scholarly journals A keeper of many crypts: a behaviour-manipulating parasite attacks a taxonomically diverse array of oak gall wasp species

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 20190428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna K. G. Ward ◽  
Omar S. Khodor ◽  
Scott P. Egan ◽  
Kelly L. Weinersmith ◽  
Andrew A. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Exit Hole ◽  
Gall Wasp ◽  
Wasp Species ◽  
Alternative Hosts ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Single Host

Parasites of animals and plants can encounter trade-offs between their specificity to any single host and their fitness on alternative hosts. For parasites that manipulate their host's behaviour, the added complexity of that manipulation may further limit the parasite's host range. However, this is rarely tested. The recently described crypt-keeper wasp, Euderus set , changes the behaviour of the gall wasp Bassettia pallida such that B. pallida chews a significantly smaller exit hole in the side of its larval chamber and ‘plugs’ that hole with its head before dying. Euderus set benefits from this head plug, as it facilitates the escape of the parasitoid from the crypt after it completes development. Here, we find direct and indirect evidence that E. set attacks and manipulates the behaviour of at least six additional gall wasp species, and that these hosts are taxonomically diverse. Interestingly, each of E. set 's hosts has converged upon similarities in their extended phenotypes: the galls they induce on oaks share characters that may make them vulnerable to attack by E. set . The specialization required to behaviourally manipulate hosts may be less important in determining the range of hosts in this parasitoid system than other dimensions of the host–parasitoid interaction, like the host's physical defences.

Host range and symptoms are determined by specific domains of the maize streak virus genome

Virology ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 181 (1) ◽  
pp. 312-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret I. Boulton ◽  
Donna I. King ◽  
Peter G. Markham ◽  
Marion S. Pinner ◽  
Jeffrey W. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Virus Genome ◽  
Maize Streak Virus ◽  
Streak Virus

scholarly journals Inhibition of maize streak virus (MSV) replication by transient and transgenic expression of MSV replication-associated protein mutants

2007 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 325-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dionne N. Shepherd ◽  
Tichaona Mangwende ◽  
Darren P. Martin ◽  
Marion Bezuidenhout ◽  
Jennifer A. Thomson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression System ◽  
Maize Streak Virus ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Streak Virus ◽  
Suspension Cells ◽  
Suitable Candidate ◽  
Transgenic Expression ◽  
Growth Defects ◽  
Maize Genotypes ◽  
Protein Mutants

Maize streak disease is a severe agricultural problem in Africa and the development of maize genotypes resistant to the causal agent, Maize streak virus (MSV), is a priority. A transgenic approach to engineering MSV-resistant maize was developed and tested in this study. A pathogen-derived resistance strategy was adopted by using targeted deletions and nucleotide-substitution mutants of the multifunctional MSV replication-associated protein gene (rep). Various rep gene constructs were tested for their efficacy in limiting replication of wild-type MSV by co-bombardment of maize suspension cells together with an infectious genomic clone of MSV and assaying replicative forms of DNA by quantitative PCR. Digitaria sanguinalis, an MSV-sensitive grass species used as a model monocot, was then transformed with constructs that had inhibited virus replication in the transient-expression system. Challenge experiments using leafhopper-transmitted MSV indicated significant MSV resistance – from highly resistant to immune – in regenerated transgenic D. sanguinalis lines. Whereas regenerated lines containing a mutated full-length rep gene displayed developmental and growth defects, those containing a truncated rep gene both were fertile and displayed no growth defects, making the truncated gene a suitable candidate for the development of transgenic MSV-resistant maize.

scholarly journals A keeper of many crypts: the parasitoidEuderus setmanipulates the behavior of a taxonomically diverse array of oak gall wasp species

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna K. G. Ward ◽  
Omar S. Khodor ◽  
Scott P. Egan ◽  
Kelly L. Weinersmith ◽  
Andrew A. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Exit Hole ◽  
Gall Wasp ◽  
Wasp Species ◽  
Alternative Hosts ◽  
Behavioral Manipulation ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Physical Defenses ◽  
Single Host

AbstractParasites of animals and plants can encounter trade-offs between their specificity to any single host and their fitness on alternative hosts. For parasites that manipulate their host’s behavior, the complexity of that manipulation may further limit the parasite’s host range. The recently described crypt-keeper wasp,Euderus set, changes the behavior of the gall waspBassettia pallidasuch thatB. pallidachews an incomplete exit hole in the side of its larval chamber and “plugs” that hole with its head.E. setbenefits from this head plug, as it facilitates the escape of the parasitoid from the crypt after it completes development. Here, we ask whether this behavioral manipulator is limited toBassettiahosts. We find thatE. setattacks and manipulates the behavior of at least six additional gall wasp species, and that these hosts are taxonomically diverse. Interestingly, each ofE. set’s hosts has converged upon similarities in their extended phenotypes: the galls they induce on oaks share characters that may make them vulnerable to attack byE. set. Behavioral manipulation in this parasitoid system may be less important to its host range than other dimensions of the host-parasitoid interaction, like the host’s physical defenses.

Point substitutions in a promoter-like region and the V1 gene affect the host range and symptoms of maize streak virus

Virology ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 183 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret I. Boulton ◽  
Donna I. King ◽  
Jonathan Donson ◽  
Jeffrey W. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Maize Streak Virus ◽  
Streak Virus

Quantitative Trait Loci Analysis of Maize (Zea mays L.) for Maize Streak Virus Resistance

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
P. Arusei ◽  
S. Runo ◽  
M. Warigia ◽  
A. Ngetich ◽  
P. Leley
Keyword(s):  
Linkage Map ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Interval Mapping ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Maize Streak Virus ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Streak Virus ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Incomplete Block Design ◽  
Maize Genotypes

Aims: This study was conducted to evaluate partial resistance to Maize Streak Virus (MSV) in F2 segregating population derived from a single cross of two inbred lines VLO73311 (resistant) and CLRCW92 (susceptible). Study Design: The experimental design was an incomplete block design replicated two times. Place and Duration of Study: Department of plant sciences Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Institute in Biotechnology center laboratory, in June 2014 to December 2015. Methodology: Resistance was evaluated in replicated field trials under artificial inoculation while selecting using SNP markers. The method of composite interval mapping was employed for QTL detection with a linkage map based on 350 SNP markers. Results: The final linkage map comprised of 100 individuals and 61 SNP markers distributed in ten linkage maps and covering a distance of 437.282cM. One QTL located in linkage group four was detected with a LOD score of above 2.0 with two SNP markers (PZA00413_20 and PZA03198_3) tightly linked to the QTLs. A significant QTL explaining 14% of the phenotypic variance for early resistance to MSV was detected on chromosome three.  Conclusion: The SNPs significantly associated with MSV resistance can be used in marker-assisted selection and will accelerate the breeding process for the development of MSV resistant maize genotypes.

scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequence of the Broad Host Range Single-Stranded RNA Phage PRR1 Places It in the Levivirus Genus with Characteristics Shared with Alloleviviruses

2006 ◽  
Vol 80 (18) ◽  
pp. 9326-9330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja M. Ruokoranta ◽  
A. Marika Grahn ◽  
Janne J. Ravantti ◽  
Minna M. Poranen ◽  
Dennis H. Bamford
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Host Genus ◽  
Replicase Proteins ◽  
The Family ◽  
Single Host ◽  
Rna Phage

ABSTRACT Single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) bacteriophages of the family Leviviridae infect gram-negative bacteria. They are restricted to a single host genus. Phage PRR1 is an exception, having a broad host range due to the promiscuity of the receptor encoded by the IncP plasmid. Here we report the complete genome sequence of PRR1. Three proteins homologous with those of other ssRNA phages, i.e., maturation, coat, and replicase proteins, were identified. A fourth protein has a lysis function. Comparison of PRR1 with other members of the Leviviridae family places PRR1 in the genus Levivirus with some characteristics more similar to those of members of the genus Allolevivirus.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Maize Streak Virus Pathogenicity in Differentially Resistant Zea mays Genotypes

1999 ◽  
Vol 89 (8) ◽  
pp. 695-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Martin ◽  
J. A. Willment ◽  
E. P. Rybicki
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Assessment ◽  
Maize Streak Virus ◽  
Streak Virus ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Maize Genotypes ◽  
Symptom Evaluation ◽  
Virulent Virus ◽  
Chlorotic Leaf ◽  
Virus Isolates ◽  
Precise Assessment

We devised a rapid technique for the objective and precise assessment of both the pathogenicity of maize streak virus (MSV) isolates and the MSV resistance of maize genotypes. The technique involves the use of agroinoculation to infect maize seedlings and the objective symptom evaluation by quantification of infection rates, stunting, and chlorotic leaf areas. In assessing the MSV resistance of 19 maize genotypes, we describe how the use of differentially virulent virus isolates enables the analysis of MSV resistance phenotypes, ranging from extremely susceptible to completely immune. We further demonstrate how quantification of chlorotic leaf areas by image analysis permits differentiation between degrees of MSV resistance that are indistinguishable from one another using currently employed symptom assessment approaches. Using chlorotic area measurements, we quantify the virulence of a diverse group of 10 MSV isolates and, through agroinoculation of differentially susceptible maize genotypes, we demonstrate the use of our technique in evaluating the pathogenicity of these isolates.

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