Specialized neurons in the right habenula mediate response to aversive olfactory cues

Hemispheric specializations are well studied at the functional level but less is known about the underlying neural mechanisms. We identified a small cluster of cholinergic neurons in the dorsal habenula (dHb) of zebrafish, defined by their expression of the lecithin retinol acyltransferase domain containing 2a (lratd2a) gene and their efferent connections with a subregion of the ventral interpeduncular nucleus (vIPN). The lratd2a-expressing neurons in the right dHb are innervated by a subset of mitral cells from both the left and right olfactory bulb and are activated upon exposure to the odorant cadaverine that is repellent to adult zebrafish. Using an intersectional strategy to drive expression of the botulinum neurotoxin specifically in these neurons, we find that adults no longer show aversion to cadaverine. Mutants with left-isomerized dHb that lack these neurons are also less repelled by cadaverine and their behavioral response to alarm substance, a potent aversive cue, is diminished. However, mutants in which both dHb have right identity appear more reactive to alarm substance. The results implicate an asymmetric dHb-vIPN neural circuit in the processing of repulsive olfactory cues and in modulating the resultant behavioral response.

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Specialized neurons in the right habenula mediate response to aversive olfactory cues

10.1101/2021.07.19.452986 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Marnie E. Halpern ◽

Jung-Hwa Choi ◽

Erik Duboue ◽

Michelle Macurak ◽

Jean-Michel Chanchu

Keyword(s):

Neural Circuit ◽

Cholinergic Neurons ◽

Neural Mechanisms ◽

Olfactory Cues ◽

Alarm Substance ◽

Interpeduncular Nucleus ◽

Efferent Connections ◽

Mediate Response ◽

Left And Right ◽

The Right

Hemispheric specializations are well studied at the functional level but less is known about the underlying neural mechanisms. We identified a small cluster of cholinergic neurons in the right dorsal habenula (dHb) of zebrafish, defined by their expression of the lecithin retinol acyltransferase domain containing 2a (lratd2a) gene and their efferent connections with a subregion of the ventral interpeduncular nucleus (vIPN). The unilateral lratd2a-expressing neurons are innervated by a subset of mitral cells from both the left and right olfactory bulb and are activated upon exposure of adult zebrafish to the aversive odorant cadaverine that provokes avoidance behavior. Using an intersectional strategy to drive expression of the botulinum neurotoxin specifically in these neurons, we find that adults no longer show protracted avoidance to cadaverine. Mutants with left-isomerized dHb that lack these neurons are less repelled by cadaverine and their behavioral response to alarm substance, a potent aversive cue, is diminished. However mutants in which both dHb have right identity appear more reactive to alarm substance. The results implicate an asymmetric dHb-vIPN neural circuit in processing of aversive olfactory cues and modulating resultant behavioral responses.

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Comparison of the efficiency of the indexes of Pont and Korkhause with Kernott technique in patients with narrowing of maxilla

Стоматология детского возраста и профилактика ◽

10.33925/1683-3031-2020-20-3-199-203 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 199-203

Author(s):

O. I. Admakin ◽

I. A. Solop ◽

A. D. Oksentyuk

Keyword(s):

Dental Treatment ◽

Standard Analysis ◽

Clinical Hospital ◽

Control Models ◽

Diagnostic Models ◽

Left And Right ◽

The Asymmetry ◽

The Right ◽

The University ◽

Medical University

Relevance. The narrowing of the maxilla is one of the most common pathologies in orthodontics. Recent studies show that the narrowing is always asymmetric which is connected to the rotation of the maxilla. To choose the treatment correctly one need a calculation that reveals the asymmetry, which is impossible with using standard indexes.Purpose – to compare efficiency of indexes of Pont and Korkhause with the Kernott's method in patients with narrowing of the maxilla.Materials and methods. The study involved 35 children aged from 8 to 12 years old undergoing dental treatment in the University Children's Clinical Hospital of the First Moscow State Medical University with no comorbidities. For every patient a gypsum model was prepared and after that to carry out the biometrical calculation. In this study two indexes were used: Pont's index and Korkhause's; using this standard analysis the narrowing of the maxilla was revealed. After using Pont's Index and Korkhaus analysis all the models were calculated by the method of Kernott with Kernott's dynamic pentagon.Results. As a result of the analysis of the control diagnostic models a narrowing of the maxilla in 69% of cases (n = 24) was revealed in all cases, the deviation of the size of the dentition was asymmetric. Thus, 65% of the surveyed models showed a narrowing on the right. This narrowing was of a different severity and averaged 15 control models.Conclusions. This shows that for the biometrics of diagnostic models it is necessary to use methods that allow to estimate the width of the dentition rows on the left and on the right separately. To correct the asymmetric narrowing of the dentition, it is preferable to use non-classical expanding devices that act equally on the left and right sides separetly.

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Transcriptomic uniqueness and commonality of the ion channels and transporters in the four heart chambers

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-82383-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sanda Iacobas ◽

Bogdan Amuzescu ◽

Dumitru A. Iacobas

Keyword(s):

Ion Channels ◽

Cycle Phase ◽

Functional Roles ◽

Expression Control ◽

Gene Expression Control ◽

Left And Right ◽

The Right ◽

Phase Out ◽

Right Atria ◽

Agilent Microarrays

AbstractMyocardium transcriptomes of left and right atria and ventricles from four adult male C57Bl/6j mice were profiled with Agilent microarrays to identify the differences responsible for the distinct functional roles of the four heart chambers. Female mice were not investigated owing to their transcriptome dependence on the estrous cycle phase. Out of the quantified 16,886 unigenes, 15.76% on the left side and 16.5% on the right side exhibited differential expression between the atrium and the ventricle, while 5.8% of genes were differently expressed between the two atria and only 1.2% between the two ventricles. The study revealed also chamber differences in gene expression control and coordination. We analyzed ion channels and transporters, and genes within the cardiac muscle contraction, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, calcium and adrenergic signaling pathways. Interestingly, while expression of Ank2 oscillates in phase with all 27 quantified binding partners in the left ventricle, the percentage of in-phase oscillating partners of Ank2 is 15% and 37% in the left and right atria and 74% in the right ventricle. The analysis indicated high interventricular synchrony of the ion channels expressions and the substantially lower synchrony between the two atria and between the atrium and the ventricle from the same side.

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The role of visual experience for spatial numerical associations

Seeing and Perceiving ◽

10.1163/187847612x648486 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 25 (0) ◽

pp. 222 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michael J. Proulx ◽

Achille Pasqualotto ◽

Shuichiro Taya

Keyword(s):

Visual Experience ◽

Opposite Effect ◽

Random Number Generation ◽

Number Line ◽

Mental Number Line ◽

Generation Task ◽

Congenitally Blind ◽

Left And Right ◽

The Right

The topographic representation of space interacts with the mental representation of number. Evidence for such number–space relations have been reported in both synaesthetic and non-synaesthetic participants. Thus far most studies have only examined related effects in sighted participants. For example, the mental number line increases in magnitude from left to right in sighted individuals (Loetscher et al., 2008, Curr. Biol.). What is unclear is whether this association arises from innate mechanisms or requires visual experience early in life to develop in this way. Here we investigated the role of visual experience for the left to right spatial numerical association using a random number generation task in congenitally blind, late blind, and blindfolded sighted participants. Participants orally generated numbers randomly whilst turning their head to the left and right. Sighted participants generated smaller numbers when they turned their head to the left than to the right, consistent with past results. In contrast, congenitally blind participants generated smaller numbers when they turned their head to the right than to the left, exhibiting the opposite effect. The results of the late blind participants showed an intermediate profile between that of the sighted and congenitally blind participants. Visual experience early in life is therefore necessary for the development of the spatial numerical association of the mental number line.

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Effects of behavioural activation on the neural circuit related to intrinsic motivation

BJPsych Open ◽

10.1192/bjo.2018.40 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (5) ◽

pp. 317-323 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Asako Mori ◽

Yasumasa Okamoto ◽

Go Okada ◽

Koki Takagaki ◽

Masahiro Takamura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intrinsic Motivation ◽

Neural Circuit ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Behavioural Activation ◽

Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Neural Basis ◽

Efficient Treatment ◽

The Right ◽

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanning

BackgroundBehavioural activation is an efficient treatment for depression and can improve intrinsic motivation. Previous studies have revealed that the frontostriatal circuit is involved in intrinsic motivation; however, there are no data on how behavioural activation affects the frontostriatal circuit.AimsWe aimed to investigate behavioural activation-related changes in the frontostriatal circuit.MethodFifty-nine individuals with subthreshold depression were randomly assigned to either the intervention or non-intervention group. The intervention group received five weekly behavioural activation sessions. The participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning on two separate occasions while performing a stopwatch task based on intrinsic motivation. We investigated changes in neural activity and functional connectivity after behavioural activation.ResultsAfter behavioural activation, the intervention group had increased activation and connectivity in the frontostriatal region compared with the non-intervention group. The increased activation in the right middle frontal gyrus was correlated with an improvement of subjective sensitivity to environmental rewards.ConclusionsBehavioural activation-related changes to the frontostriatal circuit advance our understanding of psychotherapy-induced improvements in the neural basis of intrinsic motivation.Declaration of interestNone.

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Surface Evolution During Semiconductor Processing

VLSI Design ◽

10.1155/1998/62125 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 6 (1-4) ◽

pp. 379-384 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ganesh Rajagopalan ◽

Vadali Mahadev ◽

Timothy S. Cale

Keyword(s):

Riemann Problem ◽

Surface Profile ◽

Numerical Implementation ◽

Jump Conditions ◽

Semiconductor Processing ◽

Explicit Integration ◽

Surface Evolution ◽

Left And Right ◽

The Right ◽

Surface Angle

We discuss our approach to using the Riemann problem to compute surface profile evolution during the simulation of deposition, etch and reflow processes. Each pair of segments which represents the surface is processed sequentially. For cases in which both segments are the same material, the Riemann problem is solved. For cases in which the two segments are different materials, two Riemann problems are solved. The material boundary is treated as the right segment for the left material and as the left segment for the right material. The critical equations for the analyses are the characteristics of the Riemann problem and the ‘jump conditions’ which represent continuity of the surface. Examples are presented to demonstrate selected situations. One limitation of the approach is that the velocity of the surface is not known as a function of the surface angle. Rather, it is known for the angles of the left and right segments. The rate as a function of angle must be assumed for the explicit integration procedure used. Numerical implementation is briefly discussed.

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Ventilation/perfusion mismatch during lung aeration at birth

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.01358.2013 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 117 (5) ◽

pp. 535-543 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Justin A. R. Lang ◽

James T. Pearson ◽

Arjan B. te Pas ◽

Megan J. Wallace ◽

Melissa L. Siew ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pulmonary Arteries ◽

Left Lung ◽

X Ray ◽

Lung Aeration ◽

X Ray Imaging ◽

Iodine Level ◽

Pulmonary Shunting ◽

Left And Right ◽

Near Term ◽

The Right

At birth, the transition to newborn life is triggered by lung aeration, which stimulates a large increase in pulmonary blood flow (PBF). Current theories predict that the increase in PBF is spatially related to ventilated lung regions as they aerate after birth. Using simultaneous phase-contrast X-ray imaging and angiography we investigated the spatial relationships between lung aeration and the increase in PBF after birth. Six near-term (30-day gestation) rabbits were delivered by caesarean section, intubated and an intravenous catheter inserted, before they were positioned for X-ray imaging. During imaging, iodine was injected before ventilation onset, after ventilation of the right lung only, and after ventilation of both lungs. Unilateral ventilation increased iodine levels entering both left and right pulmonary arteries (PAs) and significantly increased heart rate, iodine ejection per beat, diameters of both left and right PAs, and number of visible vessels in both lungs. Within the 6th intercostal space, the mean gray level (relative measure of iodine level) increased from 68.3 ± 11.6 and 70.3 ± 7.5%·s to 136.3 ± 22.6 and 136.3 ± 23.7%·s in the left and right PAs, respectively. No differences were observed between vessels in the left and right lungs, despite the left lung not initially being ventilated. The increase in PBF at birth is not spatially related to lung aeration allowing a large ventilation/perfusion mismatch, or pulmonary shunting, to occur in the partially aerated lung at birth.

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Handedness affects Emotional Valence Asymmetry

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1989.68.2.435 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 68 (2) ◽

pp. 435-441 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Richard A. McFarland ◽

Robert Kennison

Keyword(s):

Negative Affect ◽

Hemispheric Asymmetry ◽

Emotional Responses ◽

Emotional Valence ◽

Left Handed ◽

Two Factors ◽

Left And Right ◽

The Asymmetry ◽

The Right ◽

Cerebral Processing

Music was played monaurally to 80 right-handed and 80 left-handed subjects. Right-handers reported more positive and less negative affect if the music was to the right ear. Left-handers reported experiencing more positive and less negative affect during music to the left ear. The hand × ear interaction was significant. The valence of emotional responses to the music seems influenced by a combination of at least two factors, (1) differences between left- and right-handers in the cerebral processing of emotional valence and (2) differences in the processing of emotional valence within each handedness group depending upon which hemisphere was initially most strongly engaged by the music. These results partially corroborate and extend the findings of previous studies in which briefer stimuli were presented tachistoscopically or dichotically. It is concluded that, while there is hemispheric asymmetry in the processing of emotional valence, the direction of the asymmetry may be associated with the handedness of the subjects.

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Prefrontal and striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptors correlate with fMRI BOLD activation during stopping

Brain Imaging and Behavior ◽

10.1007/s11682-021-00491-y ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Philippe Pfeifer ◽

Alexandra Sebastian ◽

Hans Georg Buchholz ◽

Christoph P. Kaller ◽

Gerhard Gründer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dopamine Receptor ◽

Response Inhibition ◽

Neural Circuit ◽

Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽

Stop Signal Task ◽

Endogenous Opioid System ◽

Endogenous Opioid ◽

Genetic Determination ◽

Positron Emission ◽

The Right

AbstractD2-like dopamine receptors in animals and humans have been shown to be linked to impulsive behaviors that are highly relevant for several psychiatric disorders. Here, we investigate the relationship between the fronto-striatal D2/D3 dopamine receptor availability and response inhibition in a selected population of healthy OPRM1 G-allele carriers. Twenty-two participants successively underwent blood-oxygen level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing a stop-signal task and a separate positron emission tomography (PET) scan. Striatal and extrastriatal D2/D3 dopamine receptor availability was measured using the radiotracer [18F]fallypride. Caudate D2/D3 dopamine receptor availability positively correlated with stopping-related fronto-striatal fMRI activation. In addition, right prefrontal D2/D3 dopamine receptor availability correlated positively with stopping-related striatal fMRI BOLD signal. Our study partially replicates previous findings on correlations between striatal D2/D3 dopamine receptor availability and response inhibition in a population selected for its genetic determination of dopamine response to alcohol and as a modulator of impulse control via the endogenous opioid system. We confirm the important role of D2/D3 dopamine receptor availability in the fronto-striatal neural circuit for response inhibition. Moreover, we extend previous findings suggesting that dopamine receptor availability in the right inferior frontal cortex, a crucial region of the stopping network, is also strongly associated with stopping-related striatal fMRI activity in healthy OPRM1 G-allele carriers.

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