Effects of dietary iodine supplement on sheep milk and cheese

The work reported in this paper addresses the iodine nutritional deficiency that still affects a large number of people. For this purpose, we analyzed the possibility to use, as iodine vehicle, a hard typical ewe cheese, called Canestrato d'Abruzzo, derived from milk of ewes fed with an iodine-fortified diet. Both in the milk and the cheese of these animals, the iodine level was higher than that measured in sheep with a normal diet. An increase in the lactoferrin and iron content was evident in the whey derived from milk of the iodine group. Furthermore, in derived cheese, the caseins seemed more efficiently transformed in small peptides making the product more digestible and, for this reason, particularly suitable for feeding the elderly. In conclusion, the dairy products obtained from ewes fed with iodine diet contain more bioactive compounds so that they represent a useful food to prevent iodine and iron deficiency in lamb and humans.

Insufficient Iodine Level in Urine among Children of a Secondary School: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Iodine deficiency disorders are common endocrinopathies in Nepal. Children are at risk for iodine deficiency disorders. Irreversible mental retardation and brain damage in children are the devastating disorders lead by iodine deficiency. Therefore, the main objective of the study was to find out the prevalence of insufficient iodine level among the children of a secondary school. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in urine from April 2019 to July 2019 after obtaining ethical approval from Nepal Health Research Council (Registration number: 802/2018). Forty-six urine samples were collected from school children for iodine estimation. Convenience sampling was done. Data were entered into Statistical Package for the Social Science version 21 and descriptive analyses were done. Point estimate at 95% confidence interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. Results: Among the 46 students, majority 36 (78.30%) (95% Confidence Interval= 66.30-90.21) of the school children had insufficient urine iodine level. Among 36 salt samples collected from school children with low urine iodine level, 8 (22.2%) salt samples had iodine less than 15ppm. Conclusions: Iodine estimation revealed a very high percentage of urine samples containing insufficient levels of iodine is similar as compared to studies done in similar settings. Hence, the school children were at risk of iodine deficiency disorders. Iodine deficiency disorders prevention programs should be priority intervention based on available evidence.

Study of Urinary Iodine Level Assessment and its Relation to Thyroid Function during Pregnancy

Background The global effort to prevent iodine deficiency disorders through iodine supplementation, such as universal salt iodization, has achieved impressive progress during the last few decades. However, iodine excess, due to extensive environmental iodine exposure in addition to poor monitoring, is currently a more frequent occurrence than iodine deficiency. Iodine excess is a precipitating environmental factor in the development of autoimmune thyroid disease. Aim of the study to evaluate the urinary iodine level as a marker of iodine status in pregnant women in 3rd trimester and assess its relation to thyroid functions. Patients and Methods This Cross Sectional Study was conducted on 100 subjects with their ages ranging from 18-35 years old, pregnant females, at the third trimester, selected from Obstetric Out- patient Clinic of Ain shams University Hospitals. Samples were collected from participants in cairo, during the Spring and Summer from March to August. Results in our study, there was a significant negative correlation between Urinary Iodine level and TSH as Iodine difficient group has the Highest TSH, and the Highest Thyroid Volume, as there was a significant negative correlation between Urinary Iodine level and Thyroid Volume. Conclusion TSH level and Thyroid Volume were global effort to prevent iodine deficiency disorders through iodine supplementation, such as universal salt iodization, has achieved impressive progress during the last few decades. However, iodine excess, due to extensive environmental iodine exposure in addition to significantly higher in Iodine difficient group than Excess iodine group, And FT4 level was lower in Iodine difficient group than excess iodine group.

Association Between Iodine Nutritional Status and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in Beijing, China: a Single-Center Cohort Study

Iodine is an essential trace element for humans and the main raw material for thyroid hormone synthesis. However, the association between iodine nutritional status and adverse pregnancy outcomes in different regions remains controversial. This single-center cohort study was focused on the association between iodine nutritional status and adverse pregnancy outcomes in Beijing, China. We enrolled 726 pregnant women who were registered at the Peking University International Hospital between February 2017 and December 2019. To analyze the association between iodine nutritional status variations and adverse pregnancy outcomes, this study cohort included 390 (53.72%) participants with iodine deficiency, 206 (28.37%) with an adequate iodine level, 103 (14.19%) with a more than adequate iodine level, and 27 (3.72%) with iodine excess, according to the urinary iodine (UI) status of pregnant women. After adjusting for age, body mass index, parity, and history of spontaneous abortion, we identified iodine deficiency as a risk factor for anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) positivity [odds ratio (OR), 3.646; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.658–8.017], anti-thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb) positivity (OR, 3.109; 95% CI, 1.465–6.599), and thyroid autoimmunity (OR, 2.885; 95% CI, 1.539–5.407). There was a non-linear relationship between UI and the concentrations of TPOAb and TGAb (Pnon-linear < 0.05). Iodine deficiency during the first trimester is a risk factor for thyroid autoantibody positivity. The relationship between UI and the concentrations of TPOAb and TGAb follows a nearly U-shaped curve. Thus, physicians should critically consider the iodine nutritional status of pregnant women during the first trimester. Clinical Trials.gov Identifier: NCT02966405

Assessment of Iodine Deficiency among School-Going Children of Age Group 6 to 12 Years in Kachchh District, Gujarat State: Cross-Sectional Hospital-Based Study

Aim Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is the cause of preventable brain damage, mental retardation, and stunted growth and development in children. This study aimed to detect the prevalence of IDD in Kachchh district, Gujarat, by testing urinary iodine excretion levels and iodine intake of salts in school-going children. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted and the level of iodine deficiency was assessed in 223 school children of both sexes, aged 6 to 12 years from four talukas, that is, subdivisions, of the Kachchh district by estimating urinary iodine using Sandell–Kolthoff reaction along with iodine content in edible salt samples by MBI kit (STK-Spot testing kit, MBI Kits International, Chennai, TN, India). Results The median urinary iodine level was found to be 194 μg/L, indicating no biochemical iodine deficiency in the region. In the study areas, 1% of the population showed a level of urinary iodine excretion < 50 μg/L. About 83% salt samples had iodine level more than 15 ppm and the iodine content in salt samples less than 15 ppm was only about 17%, indicating the salt samples at households contain iodine in adequate level. Conclusion There is a need of periodic surveys to assess the change in magnitude of IDD with respect to impact of iodized salt intervention.Furthermore, to strengthen National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Program, factors should be identified. There is also a need to prevent and reimpose the ban on the sale of noniodized salts in Gujarat.

Association between TSH status and prevalence of miscarriages and stillbirth

Thyroid hormones play a significant role in normal human body growth. Abnormalities in thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels can result in pregnancy loss due to miscarriages and intrauterine death (IUD). The objective of the study was to assess the levels of association of thyroid stimulating hormone with miscarriages and IUD. The descriptive study involving 110 samples between 18-40 years of age fulfilling inclusion criteria were sampled for TSH testing (2ml blood) after attaining their written informed consent. The mean age of participants was 29.49±4.26 year. The prevalence of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism was 3.64% and 2.73%, respectively. Complications like gestational hypertension, depression and oligomenorrhea were found prevalent in these females. Majority of females were taking high/low iodine than recommended iodine level (150mcg). This work shows that there is a significant association between pregnancy loss and disturbed TSH levels among pregnant females.

Assessment of the iodine level of table salt from Senegalese households

Senegal is affected by a relatively high prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders, which compromises its social and economic development. To address this situation, the Universal Salt Iodization strategy was adopted by the Senegalese Government. The monitoring of salt iodine status is crucial to the success of such a program. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the iodine concentration of table salt from Senegalese households. A total of 1575 samples collected in urban and rural areas were analyzed using the iodometric method. The powdered salt samples showed higher mean iodine content (18.99 ppm) and lower percentage of non-compliance (58.4%) than the other salt types (p = 0.02). Most of the samples collected from urban area were found with iodine content between 15 and 39.9 ppm, whereas, in rural areas, the situation was significantly different (p = 0.01). Iodine levels of most samples were lower than 5 ppm in the rural producing area or varied between 5 to 14.9 ppm in the rural non-producing area. A percentage of 37.3% of adequately iodized salt samples was obtained at a national scale with a significant disparity between urban and rural areas. Therefore, improvements in quality control procedures in tandem with the iodization process are necessary and an information, education and communication strategy should be adopted.

ESSENTIAL TRACE ELEMENTS: POSSIBLE ROLE IN THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER AND SPEECH DEVELOPMENT DELAY IN CHILDREN OF DIFFERENT AGES

An imbalance of trace elements plays a significant role in the etiopathogenesis of Autism Spec-trum Disorder (ASD) and Speech Development Delay (SDD). The aim of the study was to analyze an essential trace elements content in the hair samples of children with ASD and SDD for better understanding age and gender related diversity. The study included 258 children with ASD and 239 children with SDD. Control group consisted of 620 healthy children of similar age. All children were divided into two age categories (1.5 to 3 years old and 4 to 13 years old). It was shown that girls with ASD had more deviations in hair essential trace elements levels than boys. Children with ASD and SDD (1.5 to 3 years old) had significantly decreased hair iodine level (by 48-58%, p < 0.0001). Low iodine level can be a significant indicator of mental and speech development delay. Normalization of hair iodine level in older boys with ASD accompanied by significant decrease in hair cobalt level (by 24%, p = 0.0001) may reflect age-related characteristics of iodine and cobalt metabolism. Low hair manganese level (by 12-44%, p < 0.05) was observed in all groups of children. It’s possibly associated with decreased manganese excretion from the body and can provoke manganese-induced neurotoxicity. The decrease in copper levels in girls of different ages (by 9-17%, p < 0.01) is probably influenced by hormonal status and earlier onset of puberty.