scholarly journals How radiographers visually perceive X-ray images with the task of accepting or rejecting them – a pilot study

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Dag Waaler ◽  
Sigrid Hammer ◽  
Camilla Langdalen ◽  
Linn Therese Håkonsen Haug
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Monitor Display ◽  
Fixation Durations ◽  
Projection Images ◽  
Single Fixation ◽  
Gaze Fixations

Introduction: Radiographer´s usual role in the medical imaging chain is to acquire relevant and qualitatively good images that help the radiologist or physician to diagnose most accurately. After the image acquisition, the radiographer does a quality evaluation based on established imaging criteria to decide if the image is satisfactory, or otherwise reject it and subsequently take a new one. Contrary to expectations that the number of image rejects should decrease substantially with the introduction of digital imaging, a number of studies have shown that it has not, although the reasons for rejects has changed from exposure errors to positioning and centring errors. Very little research has been on examining how radiographers visually perceive and evaluate the X-ray images in this acceptance/rejection process.Purpose: Investigate how radiographers and radiography students visually perceives X-ray images in the process of accepting or rejecting them on basis of radiographic imaging criteria, and see if there are differences in strategies across experience levels.Materials and methods: Three radiography students and five radiographers with varying years of experience were given the task of accepting or rejecting shoulder and knee projection images based on positioning criteria. Using eye tracking, we measured the participants’ number and duration of gaze fixations within 1) the field of view defined by the monitor display, 2) the part of the monitor displaying the X-ray image only, and 3) the region within the X-ray images considered to be most relevant given the imaging criteria task. The quantitative eye-tracking measurements were followed-up by four qualitative questions.Results: Some differences in fixation patterns between the groups were found; the medium experienced radiographers spent statistically significant lesser number of fixations and lesser average single fixation durations than both the radiography students and the most experienced radiographers did, whereas the two latter groups scored almost equally. Conclusion: The study revealed that work experience might have some influence on how radiographers and radiography students assess X-ray images, but in subtler ways than expected. The study also revealed, however, quite large individual differences across experience.

Requesting physicians’ knowledge of X-radiation exposure from computed tomography scan examinations: A case study of two Nigerian tertiary hospitals

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 36-39
Author(s):  
Samson O. Paulinus ◽  
Benjamin E. Udoh ◽  
Bassey E. Archibong ◽  
Akpama E. Egong ◽  
Akwa E. Erim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Radiation Risk ◽  
Radiological Protection ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Tertiary Hospitals ◽  
Medical Exposure

Objective: Physicians who often request for computed tomography (CT) scan examinations are expected to have sound knowledge of radiation exposure (risks) to patients in line with the basic radiation protection principles according to the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), the Protection of Persons Undergoing Medical Exposure or Treatment (POPUMET), and the Ionizing Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations (IR(ME)R). The aim is to assess the level of requesting physicians’ knowledge of ionizing radiation from CT scan examinations in two Nigerian tertiary hospitals. Materials and Methods: An 18-item-based questionnaire was distributed to 141 practicing medical doctors, excluding radiologists with work experience from 0 to >16 years in two major teaching hospitals in Nigeria with a return rate of 69%, using a voluntary sampling technique. Results: The results showed that 25% of the respondents identified CT thorax, abdomen, and pelvis examination as having the highest radiation risk, while 22% said that it was a conventional chest X-ray. Furthermore, 14% concluded that CT head had the highest risk while 9% gave their answer to be conventional abdominal X-ray. In addition, 17% inferred that magnetic resonance imaging had the highest radiation risk while 11% had no idea. Furthermore, 25.5% of the respondents have had training on ionizing radiation from CT scan examinations while 74.5% had no training. Majority (90%) of the respondents were not aware of the ICRP guidelines for requesting investigations with very little (<3%) or no knowledge (0%) on the POPUMET and the IR(ME)R respectively. Conclusion: There is low level of knowledge of ionizing radiation from CT scan examinations among requesting physicians in the study locations.

Multi-exposure X-ray image fusion quality evaluation based on CSF and gradient amplitude similarity

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Yanjie Qi ◽  
Zehui Yang ◽  
Lin Kang
Keyword(s):  
Image Fusion ◽  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Reference Image ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Steel Component ◽  
Imaging Device ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Gradient Amplitude

Due to the limitation of dynamic range of the imaging device, the fixed-voltage X-ray images often produce overexposed or underexposed regions. Some structure information of the composite steel component is lost. This problem can be solved by fusing the multi-exposure X-ray images taken by using different voltages in order to produce images with more detailed structures or information. Due to the lack of research on multi-exposure X-ray image fusion technology, there is no evaluation method specially for multi-exposure X-ray image fusion. For the multi-exposure X-ray fusion images obtained by different fusion algorithms may have problems such as the detail loss and structure disorder. To address these problems, this study proposes a new multi-exposure X-ray image fusion quality evaluation method based on contrast sensitivity function (CSF) and gradient amplitude similarity. First, with the idea of information fusion, multiple reference images are fused into a new reference image. Next, the gradient amplitude similarity between the new reference image and the test image is calculated. Then, the whole evaluation value can be obtained by weighting CSF. In the experiments of MEF Database, the SROCC of the proposed algorithm is about 0.8914, and the PLCC is about 0.9287, which shows that the proposed algorithm is more consistent with subjective perception in MEF Database. Thus, this study demonstrates a new objective evaluation method, which generates the results that are consistent with the subjective feelings of human eyes.

X-ray Microscopy in your Lab

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-7
Author(s):  
Charles Lyman
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Point Source ◽  
Visible Light ◽  
Light Microscope ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Projection Images ◽  
Straight Lines

Using X rays to produce magnified images of objects has been a goal for 150 years. Ever since Ernst Abbe declared in 1873 that light microscope resolution was limited by the wavelength of light, the search was on for a microscopy medium with a wavelength shorter than visible light (<500 nm). When Roentgen discovered X rays in 1895, it was thought that the new medium may have been found. Soon it was clear, however, that it was not easy to construct a physical lens for X rays because the rays penetrated all lens construction materials. X-ray “radiography images” of a few times magnification were possible but only as projection images, formed as X rays from millimeter-sized sources traveled in straight lines through the specimen to be captured on film. Unfortunately, even in the best cases, useful magnification was limited by the relatively large “point source” of X rays and the large grain size of X-ray film (both about 0.1–1.0 mm).

Application of newly developed Fluoro-QC software for image quality evaluation in cardiac X-ray systems

Radiography ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. e44-e47
Author(s):  
M. Oliveira ◽  
G. Lopez ◽  
P. Geambastiani ◽  
C. Ubeda
Keyword(s):  
Image Quality ◽  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Image Quality Evaluation ◽  
X Ray

Learning to Follow Directions in English Through a Virtual Reality Environment

2021 ◽  
pp. 262-288
Author(s):  
Jorge Bacca-Acosta ◽  
Julian Tejada ◽  
Carlos Ospino-Ibañez
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Learning Performance ◽  
Virtual Reality Environment ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Key Topics ◽  
Pencil And Paper ◽  
Gaze Fixations

Learning how to give and follow directions in English is one of the key topics in regular English as a Foreign Language (EFL) courses. However, this topic is commonly taught in the classroom with pencil and paper exercises. In this chapter, a scaffolded virtual reality (VR) environment for learning the topic of following directions in English is introduced. An eye tracking study was conducted to determine how students perceive the scaffolds for completing the learning task, and an evaluation of acceptance and usability was conducted to identify the students' perceptions. The results show that scaffolds in the form of text and images are both effective for increasing the students' learning performance. The gaze frequency is higher for the textual scaffold, but the duration of gaze fixations is lower for the scaffolds in the form of images. The acceptance and usability of the VR environment were found to be positive.

CQ: Creativity quotient for climates, attitudes, and thinking skills with eye-tracking

2018 ◽  
Vol 233 (2) ◽  
pp. 465-475
Author(s):  
Kyung H Kim ◽  
Ji S Lee
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Score Test ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Thinking Skill ◽  
Eye Blink ◽  
Fixation Durations ◽  
Tracking Technology ◽  
Blink Frequency

This article examined a new creativity test designed for engineers, CQ: Creativity Quotient for Climates, Attitudes, and Thinking skills with Eye-Tracking. The creativity quotient expanded and enhanced both the figural and verbal Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking skills. Creativity quotient added new, more comprehensive measures of creative climates, attitudes, and thinking skills that comprise Kim’s creative climates, attitudes, and thinking skills model of creativity. Additionally, its patented online eye-tracking technology assesses test-takers’ creative-attitude and thinking-skill tendencies by tracking the changes in test-takers’ pupil diameters, eye-blink frequency, micro-saccade rates, fixation durations or curves, and smooth-pursuit movements. Finally, the creativity quotient assesses creative thinking skills using pattern-recognition technology to instantly and objectively analyze and score test-takers’ drawings, which previously required trained human scorers. Upon completion of the creativity quotient, test-takers receive a detailed, comprehensive, itemized report about the strengths and weaknesses of their climates, attitudes, and thinking skills along with individualized advice on how to enhance their creativity to achieve an innovation.

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