2. Chinese Americans in the United States - A Population of Diversity

Immigration adaptation and race relations in the United States began receiving a great deal of scholarly attention early in the twentieth century, primarily in response to the arrival of large numbers of newcomers from eastern and southern Europe. The pre-eminent theory has been sociologist Robert Park's (1950) ‘race relations’ cycle, which posits that immigrants and racial minorities initially clashed with natives over cultural values and norms, but over time, adapt and are eventually absorbed into the mainstream society. This four-part cycle of contact, competition, accommodation and assimilation, according to Park, is ‘progressive and irreversible’. Unlike European Americans, however, the Chinese American experience in the United States has never been a consistent trajectory toward progressive and irreversible acceptance and assimilation.

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Who Are “Chinese” Speakers in the United States?: Examining Differences in Socioeconomic Outcomes and Language Identities

AAPI Nexus Policy Practice and Community ◽

10.17953/1545-0317.15.1.137 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 15 (1-2) ◽

pp. 137-164

Author(s):

North Cooc ◽

Genevieve Leung

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Chinese Americans ◽

The United States ◽

Pacific Islanders ◽

Socioeconomic Differences ◽

National Data ◽

Socioeconomic Outcomes ◽

Chinese Speakers ◽

Language Identity ◽

Disaggregate Data

Calls to disaggregate data on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs) overlook heterogeneity in experiences and outcomes within AAPI subgroups. Using national data from the American Community Survey, this study examines socioeconomic differences among Chinese Americans in terms of language identity. The results indicate the most frequently identified home languages among Chinese speakers are Formosan, Mandarin, Cantonese, and simply “Chinese.” The groups differ in representation depending on state residency and citizenship, while Cantonese speakers have the lowest levels of English proficiency and educational attainment. The strongest predictor of each language group is birthplace. The study has implications for serving disadvantaged and overlooked Chinese American subpopulations in the United States.

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A Night in Old Chinatown

Pacific Historical Review ◽

10.1525/phr.2018.87.3.439 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 87 (3) ◽

pp. 439-472

Author(s):

William Gow

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Los Angeles ◽

Chinese American ◽

Chinese Americans ◽

The United States ◽

The Moon ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Drum Corps ◽

And Gender

In 1938, the Chinese American community in Los Angeles hosted the Moon Festival in Old Chinatown as a fundraiser for Chinese victims of the Sino-Japanese War. Held against the backdrop of Bowl of Rice fundraisers across the United States, and the demolition of most of Old Chinatown by the construction of Union Station, the 1938 Moon Festival attracted tens of thousands of visitors to Old Chinatown while providing a stage for local Chinese Americans to perform self-representations of Chinatown to visitors. Focusing on Chinese American performances such as those of the Los Angeles Mei Wah Girls’ Drum Corps, this article examines the extent to which Chinese Americans utilized the festival’s performances of race and gender to challenge Orientalist ideas about the their community.

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How do older people describe others with cognitive impairment? A multiethnic study in the United States

Ageing and Society ◽

10.1017/s0144686x11001255 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 369-392 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

SARAH B. LADITKA ◽

JAMES N. LADITKA ◽

RUI LIU ◽

ANNA E. PRICE ◽

DANIELA B. FRIEDMAN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

African Americans ◽

Older People ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

American Indians ◽

Chinese Americans ◽

The United States ◽

Vietnamese Americans ◽

Cognitive Health

ABSTRACTWe studied how older people describe others with cognitive impairment. Forty-two focus groups represented African Americans, American Indians, Chinese Americans, Latinos, Vietnamese Americans, and Whites other than Latinos (Whites) (N = 396, ages 50+), in nine locations in the United States of America. Axial coding connected categories and identified themes. The constant comparison method compared themes across ethnic groups. African Americans, American Indians and Whites emphasised memory loss. African Americans, American Indians, Latinos and Whites stressed withdrawal, isolation and repetitive speech. African Americans, American Indians, Vietnamese Americans and Whites emphasised ‘slow thinking’. Only Whites described mood swings and personality changes. Many participants attributed dementia to stress. Terms describing others with dementia included ‘Alzheimer's’, ‘dementia’, ‘senile’ and ‘crazy’. Euphemisms were common (‘senior moment’, ‘old timer's disease’). Responses focused on memory, with limited mention of other cognitive functions. Differences among ethnic groups in descriptions of cognitive health and cognitive impairment underscore the need to tailor public health messages about cognitive health to ways that people construe its loss, and to their interest in maintaining it, so that messages and terms used are familiar, understandable and relevant to the groups for which they are designed. Health promotion efforts should develop ethnically sensitive ways to address the widely held misperception that even serious cognitive impairment is a normal characteristic of ageing and also to address stigma associated with cognitive impairment.

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Cross-Validating a Structural Model of Factors Influencing Diabetes Self-Management in Chinese Americans with Type 2 Diabetes

Journal of Transcultural Nursing ◽

10.1177/1043659618790085 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 163-172 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Wei Pan ◽

Shaoqing Ge ◽

Yin Xu ◽

Deborah Toobert

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Structural Model ◽

Chinese Americans ◽

The United States ◽

Self Management ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Convenience Sample ◽

Management Interventions

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to cross-validate a structural model depicting the effects of individual and environmental factors on diabetes self-management in Chinese Americans with type 2 diabetes. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was administered to a convenience sample of 209 Chinese Americans with type 2 diabetes in the Midwest of the United States. Structural equation modeling was used to cross-validate the model fit. Results: Provider–patient communication indirectly influenced self-management via belief in treatment. Knowledge indirectly influenced self-management via belief in treatment and self-efficacy. Social support indirectly influenced self-management via belief in treatment and knowledge. Discussion: This study demonstrated that the structural model, previously tested with Chinese diabetes patients in China, also fits Chinese Americans in the United States with few modifications. The cross-validated model provides a theoretical basis for developing culturally relevant diabetes self-management interventions for Chinese Americans, which may lead to health improvements in this ethnic population.

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Perkembangan Confucius Institute di Amerika Serikat

Jurnal Hubungan Internasional ◽

10.20473/jhi.v12i1.4394 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 135

Author(s):

Fikri Fendi Ferdiansyah

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Host Country ◽

Home Country ◽

Chinese Americans ◽

The United States ◽

Adaptation Strategy ◽

Marketing Mix ◽

Model Concept ◽

Confucius Institute ◽

Close Relationship

Confucius Institute is an educational learning Chinese languageinstitution, integrated within the China Ministry of Education whichhave the task to internationalizing Chinese education in many states. TheConfucius Institute itself has grown rapidly in the United States in thepast ten years. Regarding this phenomenon, there are many anomalieswhich make Confucius Institute should not become bloomed in there, suchas the Chinese-Americans or Chinese spoken are minorities in the UnitedStates. This paper tried to explain why the Confucius Institute can easilyoutspread in the United States during this past ten years. This researchfocused on two things: (1) the relationship between the institution,home country, and host country through bargaining model concept and(2) the application of adaptation strategy with the marketing mix. Theauthor found that the success of Confucius Institute in the United States isbecause there’s a mutually close relationship between the home country andhost country based on bilateral agreement; the mutual close relationshipbetween institution and host country based on bargaining power; and theapplication of marketing mix based on 4P’s and 4C’s.

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The Impact of the Chinese Diaspora in the U.S. on the American View of China

International Studies Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal ◽

10.18778/1641-4233.22.10 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 153-168

Author(s):

Jan Misiuna

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Chinese Americans ◽

The United States ◽

Second World War ◽

Chinese Exclusion ◽

Yellow Peril ◽

The Impact ◽

Exclusion Act ◽

Contemporary Chinese ◽

Second World

The first Chinese immigrants arrived in the United States in the 1820s and initially their presence did not result in improving the American perception of China. On the contrary – intense immigration from China led to the development of racist and xenophobic attitudes towards the Chinese (Yellow Peril), which culminated in the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. During the Second World War, China became an important ally of the United States, which triggered a succession of changes to laws barring Chinese immigration (Magnuson Act). Contemporary Chinese Americans – particularly Taiwanese Americans – can be located in the upper spheres of immigrant population: they are considered to be a well-educated and affluent group. This paper presents the historical and contemporary socio-economic characteristics of the Sino-American population set against a historical and legal background.

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How American Are We?

The Color of Success ◽

10.23943/princeton/9780691157825.003.0003 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Ellen D. Wu

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

World War Ii ◽

Coming Of Age ◽

Chinese Americans ◽

The United States ◽

Pacific War ◽

World War ◽

National Belonging ◽

The Pacific ◽

War Mobilization

This chapter illustrates how the experience of World War II was very different for Japanese and Chinese Americans. Configured as enemy aliens, Nikkei endured mass removal, internment, the effective nullification of their citizenship, and a coercive dispersal. Whereas the Chinese enjoyed sounder social footing as a result of their real and presumed ties to China, the United States' partner in the Pacific War against Japan. For all these disparities, however, war mobilization impacted Japanese and Chinese American lives in comparable ways. Most fundamentally for both groups, geopolitical forces opened up novel opportunities for national belonging. Encouraged by the outpouring of wartime racial liberal sentiment, Chinese Americans, especially the native-born cohorts just coming of age, asked new questions and desired new answers about life in the United States.

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Differences in Diet Quality among Multiple US Racial/Ethnic Groups from the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) Study and the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/nxaa050 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 150 (6) ◽

pp. 1509-1515 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Luis A Rodriguez ◽

Yichen Jin ◽

Sameera A Talegawkar ◽

Marcia C de Oliveira Otto ◽

Namratha R Kandula ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

African Americans ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

South Asian ◽

Diet Quality ◽

South Asians ◽

Chinese Americans ◽

The United States ◽

Ethnic Study ◽

Racial Ethnic

ABSTRACT Background Diet quality is an important risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Little is known about the diet quality of South Asians in the United States, a group with higher rates of T2D and CVD compared with other racial/ethnic groups. Objective This study determined whether diet quality differs between South Asian adults in the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) Study and whites, Chinese Americans, African Americans, and Hispanics in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Methods Cross-sectional data from 3926 participants free of CVD from MESA visit 5 (2010–2011) and 889 South Asian participants from MASALA visit 1 (2010–2013) were pooled. Diet quality was assessed using the Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI-2010) derived using FFQs. Multivariable linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, and total energy intake were used to compare mean differences in diet quality between the racial/ethnic groups. Results MESA participants were, on average, 14 y older than MASALA participants. The adjusted mean (95% CI) scores for the AHEI-2010 were 70.2 (69.5, 70.9) among South Asians, 66.2 (66.3, 68.2) among Chinese Americans, 61.1 (60.7, 61.6) among whites, 59.0 (58.4, 59.7) among Hispanics, and 57.5 (56.9, 58.1) among African Americans. The mean AHEI scores among South Asians were 3.1 (1.8, 4.3), 9.2 (8.3, 10.1), 11.2 (10.2, 12.3), and 12.8 (11.8, 13.7) points higher compared with Chinese Americans, whites, Hispanics, and African Americans, respectively. Conclusions South Asian adults in the United States have a higher diet quality compared with other racial/ethnic groups. This paradoxical finding is not consistent with the observed higher rates of T2D and CVD compared with other groups. This is further evidence of the importance of studying the South Asian population to better understand the causes of chronic disease not explained by diet quality.

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