The Justice Dilemma

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Krcmaric
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
World Politics ◽  
International Justice ◽  
Civil Conflicts ◽  
Golden Parachute ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Mass Atrocity ◽  
Atrocity Crimes ◽  
Exit Options

Abusive leaders are now held accountable for their crimes in a way that was unimaginable just a few decades ago. What are the consequences of this recent push for international justice? This book explains why the “golden parachute” of exile is no longer an attractive retirement option for oppressive rulers. The book argues that this is both a blessing and a curse: leaders culpable for atrocity crimes fight longer civil wars because they lack good exit options, but the threat of international prosecution deters some leaders from committing atrocities in the first place. The book diagnoses an inherent tension between conflict resolution and atrocity prevention, two of the signature goals of the international community. It also sheds light on several important puzzles in world politics. Why do some rulers choose to fight until they are killed or captured? Why not simply save oneself by going into exile? Why do some civil conflicts last so much longer than others? Why has state-sponsored violence against civilians fallen in recent years? While exploring these questions, the book marshals statistical evidence on patterns of exile, civil war duration, and mass atrocity onset. It also reconstructs the decision-making processes of embattled leaders to show how contemporary international justice both deters atrocities and prolongs conflicts.

Grasping the Dilemma

2020 ◽  
pp. 181-196
Author(s):  
Daniel Krcmaric
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
World Politics ◽  
International Justice ◽  
Human Rights Abuses ◽  
New Era ◽  
The World ◽  
Atrocity Crimes ◽  
Exit Options

This chapter summarizes the theory and the supporting empirical evidence on rulers who commit massive human rights abuses and are now held accountable in a way that was unthinkable just a few decades ago. It explains how the pursuit of international justice has reshaped the world politics and the trend toward holding leaders accountable for atrocity crimes complicates the exile option. It also discusses how the attractiveness of a foreign retirement is conditional on a leader's culpability for mass atrocities in the new era of accountability. The chapter refers to the justice cascade that shapes the behavior of leaders while they are still in power as they influence the viability of exile as a retirement option. It clarifies how the justice cascade deters atrocities as leaders know that committing abuses will decrease their exit options if they ever need to flee abroad.

scholarly journals The Role of Mass Media in World Politics: Media Coverage of Battles for Capital Cities during Civil Conflicts

2018 ◽  
pp. 7-21
Author(s):  
A. Adelgareeva ◽  
I. Okunev
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Media Content ◽  
International News ◽  
Global Media ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
Civil Conflicts ◽  
Political News

The article centers on the political aspects of international news making, i.e. the coverage of major political news by global media. Nowadays we are witnessing rising interest towards the modus operandi of global media, its newly-acquired functions and its role as a world politics actor. In this study new empirical data is used to assess the role global media plays in the representation of major civil conflicts and to revisit the commonly-accepted understanding of its political functions. With the help of discourse analysis, the authors investigate the realities of the civil wars in Libya and Syria through the lens of their representations in international news, the aim being to unveil the influence of the existing social frames on the pertinent media content.

The Justice Dilemma

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-67
Author(s):  
Daniel Krcmaric
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Rome Statute ◽  
Recent Trend ◽  
International Justice ◽  
Mass Killing ◽  
Golden Parachute ◽  
Qualitative Evidence ◽  
Augusto Pinochet ◽  
Atrocity Crimes ◽  
National Borders

This chapter analyses the theory about the justice dilemma and derives testable hypotheses on how international justice shapes patterns of exile, civil war duration, and mass killing onset. It offers both quantitative and qualitative evidence to assess the theory on the justice dilemma in multiple ways. It also points out how exile traditionally offered an attractive golden parachute for all embattled rulers and provided a mechanism for leaders to give up power in a manner that is relatively costless. The chapter reviews the recent trend toward holding leaders accountable for atrocity crimes that are irrespective of national borders, which complicates the exile option. It refers to the signing of the ICC's Rome Statute and the arrest of former Chilean leader Augusto Pinochet that made the threat of arrest on foreign soil appear far more realistic.

scholarly journals Assessing the Responsibility to Protect’s motivational capacity: The role of humanity

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Jarvis
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Responsibility To Protect ◽  
Systematic Evaluation ◽  
Collective Response ◽  
Mass Atrocity ◽  
Atrocity Crimes ◽  
Normative Status

While the concept of humanity is most often referred to as the moral source of the Responsibility to Protect’s motivational capacity, humanity’s normative status and value has continued to be left assumed and/or unexplored. Consequently, there remains a considerable lack of analysis into humanity’s role in supposedly helping to both locate moral harm and subsequently provide a motivational cause that can drive protection practices in support of the Responsibility to Protect principle. In response to this lacuna, this article puts forward three hypotheses regarding the motivational role of humanity in this process: (a) humanity functioning as a rhetorical tool with no motivational qualities, (b) humanity as a concept that works to redefine sovereignty in support of the Responsibility to Protect and (c) humanity as a motivating principle that ultimately diminishes in influence as the Responsibility to Protect principle is diffused into action. Through this analysis, the article offers a more rigorous and systematic evaluation of humanity’s limitations as a moral motivator for generating collective response to mass atrocity crimes, highlighting the need to further develop understanding of the complex interaction between morality and politics in international decision-making.

Cognitive Processing of Miscommunication in Interactive Listening: An Evaluation of Listener Indecision and Cognitive Effort

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Roche ◽  
Arkady Zgonnikov ◽  
Laura M. Morett
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Mouse Tracking ◽  
Computer Mouse ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Computer Mouse Tracking ◽  
Listening Task ◽  
Processing Effort

Purpose The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the social and cognitive underpinnings of miscommunication during an interactive listening task. Method An eye and computer mouse–tracking visual-world paradigm was used to investigate how a listener's cognitive effort (local and global) and decision-making processes were affected by a speaker's use of ambiguity that led to a miscommunication. Results Experiments 1 and 2 found that an environmental cue that made a miscommunication more or less salient impacted listener language processing effort (eye-tracking). Experiment 2 also indicated that listeners may develop different processing heuristics dependent upon the speaker's use of ambiguity that led to a miscommunication, exerting a significant impact on cognition and decision making. We also found that perspective-taking effort and decision-making complexity metrics (computer mouse tracking) predict language processing effort, indicating that instances of miscommunication produced cognitive consequences of indecision, thinking, and cognitive pull. Conclusion Together, these results indicate that listeners behave both reciprocally and adaptively when miscommunications occur, but the way they respond is largely dependent upon the type of ambiguity and how often it is produced by the speaker.

“It's Not Humanly Possible to Do Everything”: Perspectives on Intervention Decision-Making Processes of Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erinn Finke ◽  
Kathryn Drager ◽  
Elizabeth C. Serpentine
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individualized Education Program ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Individual Decision ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Interview Methodology ◽  
Communication Interventions

Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to understand the decision-making processes used by parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) related to communication-based interventions. Method Qualitative interview methodology was used. Data were gathered through interviews. Each parent had a child with ASD who was at least four-years-old; lived with their child with ASD; had a child with ASD without functional speech for communication; and used at least two different communication interventions. Results Parents considered several sources of information for learning about interventions and provided various reasons to initiate and discontinue a communication intervention. Parents also discussed challenges introduced once opinions of the school individualized education program (IEP) team had to be considered. Conclusions Parents of children with ASD primarily use individual decision-making processes to select interventions. This discrepancy speaks to the need for parents and professionals to share a common “language” about interventions and the decision-making process.

Training rapid decision-making processes required by the dismounted objective force leader

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Christ ◽  
Alvah C. Bittner ◽  
Jared T. Freeman ◽  
Rick Archer ◽  
Gary Klein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Making Processes
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