scholarly journals Ecological studies on ixodid ticks : 5. The effect of humidity on the oviposition and development of Haemaphysalis longicornis and H. flava (Acarina : Ixodidae)

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuyoshi FUJIMOTO
Keyword(s):  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Haemaphysalis Longicornis ◽  
Ecological Studies

Ecological studies of ixodid ticks (Acari, Ixodidae) in Zambia. II. Ticks found on small mammals and birds

1976 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Colbo ◽  
J. MacLeod
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Ecological Studies

AbstractTicks were collected from 2136 small mammals, comprising 5 bats (5 species), 14 elephant shrews (3 species), 84 Crocidura shrews (5 species), 25 hares (1 species), 10 small carnivores (3 species), 3 hyraxes (1 species) 1998 rodents (33 species), and from 41 birds (19 species) at various localities in Zambia. From these hosts 6568 ticks (4384 larvae, 1686 nymphs, 317 males and 181 females) were recovered. Twenty-three species were positively identified and nineteen other species were assigned to genus or species-group. Host and tick records are tabulated by regions collected and for each of the two regions with the largest collections, the records are tabulated by months. The ticks collected in the high montane area near the Malawi border differed significantly from collections in other areas studied, reflecting host and climate differences. In the two areas tabulated by month, most of the immature ticks were recovered in the cool dry winter months (April to August).

Ecological studies of ixodid ticks (Acari, Ixodidae) in Zambia. I. Cattle as hosts of the larvae of Amblyomma variegatum (F.) and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus neum.

1976 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
John MacLeod ◽  
M. H. Colbo
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus ◽  
Amblyomma Variegatum ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Alternative Hosts ◽  
Patch Sampling

AbstractThe roles of cattle and alternative hosts in maintaining the immature stages of Amblyomma variegatum (F.) and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neum. are unknown. Weekly collections of ticks from cattle in two herds in Zambia indicated an apparently higher nymph-adult ratio in the annual totals for A. variegatum than for R. appendiculatus. The larva-nymph ratios for these herds were estimated by a patch-sampling method in which all larvae and nymphs on 100 cm2 areas on the cheek, neck, dewlap, shoulder, ribs, abdomen and lower-foreleg were collected. The overall annual ratios of larvae to nymphs on the two herds were: A. variegatum 5:1 and 14:1, R. appendiculatus 1·5:1 in both herds. The ratios suggest that cattle themselves feed larvae of A. variegatum in sufficient numbers to maintain their nymphal infestation level. The numbers of cattle-fed larvae of R. appendiculatus may not be adequate for this, and alternative hosts may play an important part in maintaining the population at existing levels. There was negligible evidence of significant shift of distribution of the immature stages over the body with advancing season, and it is suggested that patch-sampling affords a method of quantitative comparison of the relative infestations by the immature stages of ticks.

Ecological studies of ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Zambia. III. Seasonal activity and attachment sites on cattle, with notes on other hosts

1977 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. MacLeod ◽  
M. H. Colbo ◽  
M. H. Madbouly ◽  
B. Mwanaumo
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Seasonal Activity ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Boophilus Decoloratus ◽  
Attachment Sites ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
Activity Season

AbstractThe seasonal activity of the adults of 13 tick species was studied on cattle herds in the Central Province of Zambia from 1969 to 1972. The six main species, Boophilus decoloratus (Koch), Hyalomma marginatum rufipes Koch, H. truncatum Koch, Amblyomma variegatum (F.), Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neum., and R. evertsi Neum. behaved as previously described for the Southern Province. R. compositus Neum. appeared from August, with peak numbers in September–October. R. simus Koch and R. tricuspis Dön. appeared from October, for seven months and three months respectively. R. supertritus Neum. and Ixodes cavipalpus Nutt. & Warb. had a brief activity season from November to January, and R. pravus gp. and R. sanguineus gp. were active from December to July. The distribution of ticks over the body of cattle was determined by fractionised collections, which gave reliable quantitative information for nine of the species. A limited number of collections from sheep, goats and dogs are analysed in relation to season. Collections from 127 wild animals, mainly along the escarpment and riverine bush of the Zambesi, are recorded.

scholarly journals Ixodid Ticks (Acari, Ixodidae) in Urban Landscapes. A review

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. А. Akimov ◽  
I. V. Nebogatkin
Keyword(s):  
Outdoor Recreation ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Rhipicephalus Sanguineus ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Dermacentor Reticulatus ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Hard Tick ◽  
Haemaphysalis Longicornis ◽  
Hard Ticks

Abstract This study presents the results of content analysis of published works on ixodid ticks in urban conditions in order to determine the species diversity, the vectors of research interests at various stages. Information about ticks in the cities up to the 1980s is incidental, to the point of exclusive, after this point there is targeted research in urban landscapes. There are 106 or 15 % of hard ticks of the world fauna registered in the urban territory, 26 species or 3.7 % being the most abundant. Of the urban hard tick species, 23 (88.5 %) can attack humans, and 12 species are the most adapted to the urban landscape: Ixodes ricinus, I. persulcatus, Dermacentor reticulatus, D. marginatus, I. pavlovskyi, I. scapularis (dammini), Amblyomma cajennense, Haemaphysalis longicornis, I. hexagonus, Hyalomma marginatum, Am. americanum, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus. It was determined that the most likely causes of the growing number of publications on ixodids urban landscapes are: global accelerating urbanization, the development of recreational areas, the development of green tourism, the growth of the prestige of outdoor recreation, the creation of new, especially of the landscape parks and a tendency to preserve the native landscape in the cities, a significant increase in the density of populations of common species of hard ticks adapted to living in urban environment. The vectors of further work in urban landscapes will be directed to exact planning of monitoring studies of ixodids and associated tick-borne infections.

Ecological studies of ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Zambia. IV. Some anomalous infestation patterns in the northern and eastern regions

1978 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Macleod ◽  
B. Mwanaumo
Keyword(s):  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Central Province ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Seasonal Periodicity ◽  
Wild Fauna ◽  
Boophilus Decoloratus ◽  
North Eastern

AbstractThe tick infestation patterns observed during 1966–73 are described for wild animals and cattle on the northern plateau of north-eastern Zambia, the eastern plateau and the intervening Luangwa valley. The seasonal periodicity of adult Amblyomma sparsum Neum., as observed on buffalo, was similar to that of A. variegatum (F.). Five major depart ures from the patterns of infestation previously found in the Central Province were observed. Boophilus decoloratus (Koch) was partially or totally replaced on cattle by B. microplus (Can.).Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neum. although present on wild fauna in the valley, was absent from cattle on the eastern plateau. R. evertsi Neum. was absent from much but not all of the northern plateau and occurred in very low numbers only on the cattle of the eastern plateau, yet was present on the wild fauna of the Luangwa valley. Hyalomma marginaturn rufipes Koch was practically absent from cattle on the northern and the eastern plateaux and from the wild fauna, except buffalo, of the valley; H. truncatum Koch was abundant on cattle on the northern plateau and on the wild fauna of the valley, but on the eastern plateau cattle it occurred in low numbers only. A. pomposum Dön, was found on cattle in one area of the northern plateau, the only specimen of Amblyomrna on that particular herd. These anomalous findings are discussed in relation to the situation elsewhere in Zambia and in neighbouring territories.

scholarly journals Salivary gland proteome analysis of developing adult female Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks: molecular motor and TCA cycle-related proteins play an important role throughout development

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuguang Ren ◽  
Baowen Zhang ◽  
Xiaomin Xue ◽  
Xiaoshuang Wang ◽  
Huaqu Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Molecular Motor ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Haemaphysalis Longicornis ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Critical Weight ◽  
Related Proteins

Abstract Background Ticks are notorious blood-feeding arthropods that can spread a variety of deadly diseases. The salivary gland is an important organ for ticks to feed on blood, and this organ begins to develop rapidly when ixodid ticks suck blood. When these ticks reach a critical weight, the salivary glands stop developing and begin to degenerate. The expression levels of a large number of proteins during the development and degeneration of salivary glands change, which regulate the biological functions of the salivary glands. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, there are only a few reports on the role of molecular motor and TCA cycle-related proteins in the salivary glands of ticks. Results We used iTRAQ quantitative proteomics to study the dynamic changes in salivary gland proteins in female Haemaphysalis longicornis at four feeding stages: unfed, partially fed, semi-engorged and engorged. Using bioinformatics methods to analyze the dynamic changes of a large number of proteins, we found that molecular motor and TCA cycle-related proteins play an important role in the physiological changes of the salivary glands. The results of RNAi experiments showed that when dynein, kinesin, isocitrate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase were knocked down independently, the weight of the engorged female ticks decreased by 63.5%, 54.9%, 42.6% and 48.6%, respectively, and oviposition amounts decreased by 83.1%, 76.0%, 50.8%, and 55.9%, respectively, and the size of type III acini of females salivary glands decreased by 35.6%, 33.3%, 28.9%, and 20.0%, respectively. Conclusions The results showed that the expression of different types of proteins change in different characteristics in salivary glands during the unfed to engorged process of female ticks. Corresponding expression changes of these proteins at different developmental stages of female ticks are very important to ensure the orderly development of the organ. By analyzing these changes, some proteins, such as molecular motor and TCA cycle-related proteins, were screened and RNAi carried out. When these mRNAs were knocked down, the female ticks cannot develop normally. The research results provide a new protein target for the control of ticks and tick-borne diseases.

The seasonal incidence of Ixodid ticks on cattle in an elevated area of South-Eastern Queensland

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 195 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Sutherst ◽  
DE Moorhouse
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Haemaphysalis Longicornis ◽  
Seasonal Incidence ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Three Generations ◽  
Ixodes Holocyclus

The seasonal incidence of the ticks Boophilus microplus and Haemaphysalis longicornis in an elevated area of south-eastern Queensland is described. B. microplus had three generations during the year, and exhibited very large increases in numbers from generation to generation in the warmer months. Despite this, the area was considered to be marginal for this species, in view of the long winter break in reproduction and the limited longevity of the larvae. The three instars of H. longicornis exhibited discrete periods of activity in the warmer months but no instar was active in the winter. Ixodes holocyclus was also recorded, but the data were insufficient to demonstrate any definite seasonal pattern of activity.

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