scholarly journals Effects of fertilizations on soil bacteria and fungi communities in a degraded arid steppe revealed by high through-put sequencing

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luhua Yao ◽  
Dangjun Wang ◽  
Lin Kang ◽  
Dengke Wang ◽  
Yong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Bacteria ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Chemical Properties ◽  
Microbial Biomass Nitrogen ◽  
Arid Steppe ◽  
Soil Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Background Fertilization as one of the measures in restoring degraded soil qualities has been introduced on arid steppes in recent decades. However, the fertilization use efficiency on arid steppes varies greatly between steppe types and years, enhancing uncertainties and risks in introducing fertilizations on such natural system to restore degraded steppes. Methods The experiment was a completely randomized design with five fertilization treatments, 0 (Control), 60 kg P ha−1 (P), 100 kg N ha−1 (N), 100 kg N ha−1 plus 60 kg P ha−1 (NP), and 4,000 kg sheep manure ha−1 (M, equaling 16.4 kg P ha−1 and 81.2 kg N ha−1). Soils were sampled from a degraded arid steppe which was consecutively applied with organic and inorganic fertilizers for three years. We analyzed the diversity and abundance of soil bacteria and fungi using high-throughput sequencing technique, measured the aboveground biomass, the soil chemical properties (organic carbon, available and total phosphorus, available and total nitrogen, and pH), and the microbial biomass nitrogen and microbial biomass carbon. Results In total 3,927 OTU (operational taxonomic units) for bacteria and 453 OTU for fungi were identified from the tested soils. The Ace and Chao of bacteria were all larger than 2,400, which were almost 10 times of those of fungi. Fertilizations had no significant influence on the richness and diversity of the bacteria and fungi. However, the abundance of individual bacterial or fungi phylum or species was sensitive to fertilizations. Fertilization, particularly the phosphorus fertilizer, influenced more on the abundance of the AMF species and colonization. Among the soil properties, soil pH was one of the most important soil properties influencing the abundance of soil bacteria and fungi. Discussion Positive relationships between the abundance of bacteria and fungi and the soil chemical properties suggested that soil bacteria and fungi communities in degraded steppes could be altered by improving the soil chemical properties through fertilizations. However, it is still not clear whether the alteration of the soil microbe community is detrimental or beneficial to the degraded arid steppes.

scholarly journals Influence of aerobic treated manure application on the chemical and microbiological properties of soil

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. e1104
Author(s):  
Adriana Montañez ◽  
Natalia Rigamonti ◽  
Silvana Vico ◽  
Carla Silva ◽  
Lucía Nuñez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Enzyme ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Microbial Biomass P ◽  
Properties Of Soil ◽  
Microbiological Properties

Aim of study: This study evaluated the effect of the application of liquid aerobic treated manure (continuous liquid composting, CLC) on physical, chemical and biological soil properties, with the objective of monitoring changes induced by soil management with CLC as a biofertilizer.Area of study: Colonia, Uruguay (lat. 34,338164 S, long. 57,222630 W).Material and methods: Soil’s chemical properties, including nitrogen mineralization potential (NMP) and 15 microbiological properties (microbial biomass carbon, MBC; mesophylic aerobic bacteria; actinobacteria; filamentus fungi; fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis; dehydrogenase; with NMP; acid and alkaline phosphatase; cellulolose degraders; P-solubilizing bacteria; nitrifying; denitrifying and free-living N-fixing microorganisms; glomalin; and soil-pathogenicity index, SPI) were evaluated in two sites with similar cropping history, with one and three years of respective CLC application.Main results: CLC application had significant effects on soil microbial biomass (p<0.05), soil enzyme (p<0.1) and functional groups activity (p<0.05). SPI decreased in both sites with CLC application. No significant variations were detected for the chemical variables, with the exception of NMP, which was significantly high (p<0.05) in soil treated with CLC at both sites.Research highlights: The improved biological soil properties analyzed (MBC, soil enzyme activities and SPI, together with NMP) emerged as reasonable indicators to assess and monitor the effects of CLC application.

scholarly journals The Conversion of Abandoned Chestnut Forests to Managed Ones Does Not Affect the Soil Chemical Properties and Improves the Soil Microbial Biomass Activity

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 786
Author(s):  
Mauro De Feudis ◽  
Gloria Falsone ◽  
Gilmo Vianello ◽  
Livia Vittori Antisari
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soil Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Castanea Sativa Mill ◽  
Nut Production

Recently, several hectares of abandoned chestnut forests (ACF) were recovered into chestnut stands for nut or timber production; however, the effects of such practice on soil mineral horizon properties are unknown. This work aimed to (1) identify the better chestnut forest management to maintain or to improve the soil properties during the ACF recovery, and (2) give an insight into the effect of unmanaged to managed forest conversion on soil properties, taking in consideration sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) forest ecosystems. The investigation was conducted in an experimental chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) forest located in the northern part of the Apennine chain (Italy). We identified an ACF, a chestnut forest for wood production (WCF), and chestnut forests for nut production with a tree density of 98 and 120 plants ha−1 (NCFL and NCFH, respectively). WCF, NCFL and NCFH stands are the result of the ACF recovery carried out in 2004. After 15 years since the ACF recovery, generally, the effects on the main soil chemical properties were negligible. Some differences occurred for the water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and microbial biomass and its activity. NCFL showed the highest WSOC content in the uppermost soil horizon likely due to higher amount of roots which are source of labile organic compounds. The higher WSOC amount might explain the greatest amount of microbial biomass in the A horizon of NCFL. Furthermore, the microbial biomass harboring in the A horizon of NCFL has also shown both a better C use efficiency and a larger soil organic carbon immobilization in the microbial biomass itself. Our data would indicate that the ACF recovery into pure chestnut forests did not have negative impacts on soil chemical and biochemical properties, though chestnut stands for nut production with a low plant density are the most suitable ones.

scholarly journals Effect of land use, season, and soil depth on soil microbial biomass carbon of Eastern Himalayas

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nima Tshering Lepcha ◽  
N. Bijayalaxmi Devi
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Biomass Carbon ◽  
Soil Microbial

Abstract Background Soil microbial biomass, an important nutrient pool for ecosystem nutrient cycling is affected by several factors including climate, edaphic, and land-use change. Himalayan soils are young and unstable and prone to erosion and degradation due to its topography, bioclimatic conditions and anthropogenic activities such as frequent land-use change. Through this study, we tried to assess how soil parameters and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) of Eastern Himalayan soils originated from gneissic rock change with land-use type, soil depth and season. Chloroform fumigation extraction method was employed to determine MBC from different land-use types. Results Soil physical and chemical properties varied significantly with season, land-use and soil depth (p < 0.001). The maximum values of soil properties were observed in the rainy season followed by summer and winter season in all the study sites. Annual mean microbial biomass carbon was highest in the forest (455.03 μg g− 1) followed by cardamom agroforestry (392.86 μg g− 1) and paddy cropland (317.47 μg g− 1). Microbial biomass carbon exhibited strong significant seasonal difference (p < 0.001) in all the land-use types with a peak value in the rainy season (forest-592.78 μg g− 1; agroforestry- 499.84 μg g− 1 and cropland- 365.21 μg g− 1) and lowest in the winter season (forest − 338.46 μg g− 1; agroforestry – 320.28 μg g− 1 and cropland − 265.70 μg g− 1). The value of microbial biomass carbon decreased significantly with soil depth (p < 0.001) but showed an insignificant increase in the second year which corresponds to a change in rainfall pattern. Besides, land-use type, season and soil depth, soil properties also strongly influenced microbial biomass carbon (p < 0.001). Microbial quotient was highest in the agroforestry system (2.16%) and least in the subtropical forest (1.91%). Conclusions Our results indicate that land-use, soil depth and season significantly influenced soil properties and microbial biomass carbon. The physical and chemical properties of soil and MBC exhibit strong seasonality while the type of land-use influenced the microbial activity and biomass of different soil layers in the study sites. Higher soil organic carbon content in cardamom agroforestry and forest in the present study indicates that restoration of the litter layer through retrogressive land-use change accelerates microbial C immobilization which further helps in the maintenance of soil fertility and soil organic carbon sequestration.

scholarly journals Transcription of protease and chitinase genes provides a window onto macromolecular organic nitrogen decomposition in soil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ella T. Sieradzki ◽  
Erin E. Nuccio ◽  
Jennifer Pett-Ridge ◽  
Mary K. Firestone
Keyword(s):  
Soil Bacteria ◽  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Plant Litter ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Extracellular Proteases ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Limiting Nutrient ◽  
Soil Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Chitinase Genes

AbstractNitrogen is a common limiting nutrient in soil in part because most N is present as macromolecular organic compounds, not directly available to plants. The microbial community present in soil near roots (rhizosphere) is in many ways analogous to the human gut microbiome, transforming nutrients present in organic substrates to forms available to plants through extracellular enzymes. Many recent studies have focused on the genetic potential for nitrogen cycling by bacteria in the rhizosphere, and on measuring inorganic N pools and fluxes. Between those two bodies of knowledge, there is scarce information on functionality of macromolecular nitrogen decomposing bacteria and fungi and how it relates to life stages of the plant. This is particularly important as many soil bacteria identified in community composition studies can be inactive or not viable. Here we use a time-series of metatranscriptomes from rhizosphere and bulk soil bacteria and fungi to follow extracellular protease and chitinase expression during rhizosphere aging. In addition, we explore the effect of adding plant litter as a source of macromolecular carbon and nitrogen. Expression of extracellular proteases increased over time in the absence of litter, more so in the presence of roots, whereas the dominant chitinase (chit1) was upregulated with exposure to litter. Structural groups of proteases were surprisingly dominated by serineproteases, possibly due to the importance of betaproteobacteria and actinobacteria in this grassland soil. Extracellular proteases of betaprotebacterial origin were more highly expressed in the presence of roots, whereas deltaroteobacteria and fungi responded to the presence of litter. We found functional guilds specializing in decomposition of proteins in the rhizosphere, detritusphere and in the vicinity of aging roots. We also identify a guild that appears to specialize in protein decomposition in the presence of roots and litter and increases its activity in aging rhizosphere, which may imply that this guild targets rhizodeposits or the senescing root itself as a protein source. Different temporal patterns of guilds imply that rather than functional redundancy, microbial decomposers operate within distinct niches.

scholarly journals Differences of soil enzyme activities and its influencing factors under different flooding conditions in Ili Valley, Xinjiang

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulu Zhang ◽  
Dong Cui ◽  
Haijun Yang ◽  
Nijat Kasim
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Catalase Activity ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Enzyme ◽  
Biomass Carbon

Background A wetland is a special ecosystem formed by the interaction of land and water. The moisture content variation will greatly affect the function and structure of the wetland internal system. Method In this paper, three kinds of wetlands with different flooding levels (Phragmites australis wetland (long-term flooding), Calamagrostis epigeios wetland(seasonal flooding) and Ditch millet wetland (rarely flooded)) in Ili Valley of Xinjiang China were selected as research areas. The changes of microbial biomass carbon, soil physical and chemical properties in wetlands were compared, and redundancy analysis was used to analyze the correlation between soil physical and chemical properties, microbial biomass carbon and enzyme activities (soil sucrase, catalase, amylase and urease). The differences of soil enzyme activities and its influencing factors under different flooding conditions in Ili Valley were studied and discussed. Result The results of this study were the following: (1) The activities of sucrase and amylase in rarely flooded wetlands and seasonally flooded wetlands were significantly higher than those in long-term flooded wetlands; the difference of catalase activity in seasonal flooded wetland was significant and the highest. (2) Redundancy analysis showed that soil organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, total phosphorus and soil microbial biomass carbon had significant effects on soil enzyme activity (p < 0.05). (3) The correlation between soil organic carbon and the sucrase activity, total phosphorus and the catalase activity was the strongest; while soil organic carbon has a significant positive correlation with invertase, urease and amylase activity, with a slight influence on catalase activity. The results of this study showed that the content of organic carbon, total phosphorus and other soil fertility factors in the soil would be increased and the enzyme activity would be enhanced if the flooding degree was changed properly.

Short-Term Effects of Land Leveling on Soil Chemical Properties and Their Relationships with Microbial Biomass

2004 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 924-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Brye ◽  
N. A. Slaton ◽  
M. Mozaffari ◽  
M. C. Savin ◽  
R. J. Norman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Chemical Properties ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Land Leveling ◽  
Short Term Effects
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