scholarly journals Effects of guanylurea, the transformation product of the antidiabetic drug metformin, on the health of brown trout (Salmo trutta f. fario)

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7289
Author(s):  
Stefanie Jacob ◽  
Sarah Knoll ◽  
Carolin Huhn ◽  
Heinz-R. Köhler ◽  
Selina Tisler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brown Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Stress Proteins ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
Lipid Peroxides ◽  
Transformation Product ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Antidiabetic Drug

Background Guanylurea is the main transformation product of the antidiabetic drug metformin, which is one of the most prescribed pharmaceuticals worldwide. Due to the high rate of microbial degradation of metformin in sewage treatment plants, guanylurea occurs in higher concentrations in surface waters than its parent compound and could therefore affect aquatic wildlife. In this context, data for fish are scarce up to now which made us investigate the health of brown trout (Salmo trutta f. fario) in response to guanylurea. Methods In two experiments, eggs plus developing larvae and juvenile brown trout were exposed to three different concentrations of guanylurea (10, 100 and 1,000 µg/L) and, as a negative control, filtered tap water without this compound. Low internal concentrations were determined. The investigated parameters were mortality, length, weight, condition factor, tissue integrity of the liver and kidney, levels of stress proteins and lipid peroxides, as well as behavioural and developmental endpoints. It was found that guanylurea did not significantly change any of these parameters in the tested concentration range. Results In conclusion, these results do not give rise to concern that guanylurea could negatively affect the health or the development of brown trout under field conditions. Nevertheless, more studies focusing on further parameters and other species are highly needed for a more profound environmental risk assessment of guanylurea.

scholarly journals High Rate of Deformed Larvae among Gynogenetic Brown Trout (Salmo trutta m. fario) Doubled Haploids

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Jagiełło ◽  
Tomasz Zalewski ◽  
Stefan Dobosz ◽  
Oliwia Michalik ◽  
Konrad Ocalewicz
Keyword(s):  
Brown Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Doubled Haploids ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Spinal Deformities ◽  
Spine Deformities ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta ◽  
Subsequent Exposure ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Mitotic gynogenesis results in the production of fully homozygous individuals in a single generation. Since inbred fish were found to exhibit an increased frequency of body deformations that may affect their survival, the main focus of this research was to evaluate the ratio of individuals with spinal deformities among gynogenetic doubled haploids (DHs) brown trout as compared to nonmanipulated heterozygous individuals. Gynogenetic development was induced by the activation of brown trout eggs by UV-irradiated homologous and heterologous (rainbow trout) spermatozoa. The subsequent exposure of the activated eggs to the high hydrostatic pressure disturbed the first cleavage in gynogenetic zygotes and enabled duplication of the maternal haploid set of chromosomes. The survival rate was significantly higher among gynogenetic brown trout hatched from eggs activated with the homologous UV-irradiated spermatozoa when compared to DHs hatched from eggs activated by the heterologous spermatozoa. More than 35% of the gynogenetic larvae exhibited body deformities, mostly lordosis and scoliosis. The percentage of malformed brown trout from the control group did not exceed 15%. The increased number of deformed larvae among DHs brown trout suggested rather a genetic background of the disease related to the fish spine deformities; however, both genetic and environmental factors were discussed as a cause of such conditions in fish.

Whirling Disease: Reviews and Current Topics

2002 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Brown Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Tubifex Tubifex ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Whirling Disease ◽  
Myxobolus Cerebralis ◽  
Dead Fish

<em>ABSTRACT. </em>In Colorado, Windy Gap Reservoir is a focus of <em>Myxobolus cerebralis </em>infectivity of greater intensity than may be explained by the potential contribution of <em>M. cerebralis </em>myxospores by dead fish. One mechanism that would help explain this situation is the expulsion of viable <em>M. cerebralis </em>myxospores by living infected fish. We conducted laboratory experiments to see if <em>Tubifex tubifex</em>, purged of infection by incubation at 26°C for a minimum of 30 d, could become reinfected by exposure to feces and wastes from aquaria containing <em>M. cerebralis</em>-infected brown trout <em>Salmo trutta</em>. In two separate experiments, replicate experimental units of <em>T. tubifex </em>were thoroughly infected in this manner. By comparison, evidence of infection in negative control replicates was much weaker in both experiments. It is possible that the purging process used to remove initial infection was not 100% effective, yet the differences between experimental and negative control replicates were dramatic. Positive control replicates, intentionally exposed to harvested myxospores of <em>M. cerebralis</em>, became heavily infected in both experiments. These results strongly support the hypothesis that brown trout are capable of expelling viable <em>M. cerebralis </em>myxospores.

scholarly journals Does the antidiabetic drug metformin affect embryo development and the health of brown trout (Salmo trutta f. fario)?

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Jacob ◽  
Andreas Dötsch ◽  
Sarah Knoll ◽  
Heinz-R. Köhler ◽  
Eike Rogall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Development ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Antidiabetic Drug ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta

scholarly journals Acute temperature elevation in tap and Rhine water affects skin and gill epithelia, hydromineral balance, and gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity of brown trout (Salmo trutta) smolts

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 708-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
D T Nolan ◽  
R H Hadderingh ◽  
F AT Spanings ◽  
H A Jenner ◽  
S E Wendelaar Bonga
Keyword(s):  
Brown Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Temperature Elevation ◽  
Temperature Shock ◽  
Water Effects ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta ◽  
Rhine Water ◽  
Hydromineral Balance

The effects of a 3-h temperature elevation of 7°C were studied for 29 days on the brown trout (Salmo trutta) smolt in tap water and in water from the lower Rhine. The effects in the skin were apparent at 3 h and included depletion of electron-dense vesicles and increased numbers of heavily stained desmosomes in the filament cells of the upper epidermis. Increased levels of apoptosis and necrosis occurred and were associated with leukocyte infiltration of the epidermis. Similar effects in the gill epithelium were mainly confined to the chloride cells. Highest levels of necrosis in skin and gill epithelia occurred in fish that were temperature shocked in Rhine water. Effects of exposure to Rhine water alone were intermediate between those of temperature shock in tap water and in Rhine water. At 29 days, recovery was good in tap water, partial in Rhine water, and poor for the fish temperature shocked in Rhine water. Although disruption of hydromineral balance was not indicated in plasma electrolytes, specific Na+/K+-ATPase activities in the gill were higher for all treatments at 24 h and for the groups temperature shocked in Rhine water at 8 days. Overall, temperature shock in Rhine water gives additive stress effects and poor recovery at 29 days.

High rate of redd superimposition by brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) in a Minnesota stream cannot be explained by habitat availability alone

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 2310-2316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy E Essington ◽  
Peter W Sorensen ◽  
Dean G Paron
Keyword(s):  
Brown Trout ◽  
Site Selection ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Behavioral Experiment ◽  
Habitat Availability ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta ◽  
Redd Superimposition

This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that redd superimposition by salmonine fishes is a consequence of limited habitat availability. We monitored redd site selection by brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) for two spawning seasons in Valley Creek, Minnesota. Redd superimposition rates were high; over one half of the brook trout and one third of the brown trout superimposed redds. We tested the role of habitat availability in this process by characterizing microhabitat at sites with and without redds in four small sections of this stream and then determined whether superimposition could be explained by random dispersal of fish over available habitat. Brown trout preferred spawning sites with high flows whereas brook trout strongly preferred deep sites with upwelling groundwater. No relationship was observed between fish density and superimposition. Additionally, the observed frequency of superimposition was greater than expected by chance in six of eight instances for brown trout and in one of three instances for brook trout. Finally, a behavioral experiment provided direct evidence that females have a behavioral preference to spawn on existing redd sites, suggesting that factors other than habitat may determine redd site selection and hence superimposition.

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