Awareness and Attitudes Regarding Prenatal Sex Determination, Pre- Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PCPNDTA) among Pregnant Women in Southern India

India has a male dominated culture where women are treated like a commodity and slave. Our Indian society gives preference only to the Son not to female because of which girls' child is not heartily welcomed and discrimination against girl child still prevails. Sex selective abortion is one of major issue in recent era in relation to violence against women under which the Ultrasonography machine plays an important role of sex detection. Main cause for sex selection are Patriarchal system, Dowry system, only son who can performs the last rites, lineage and inheritance runs through the male line, the Small family norms , PARAYADHAN, easy access to the Medical facilities and Technology for Sex Selective Abortion. Low literacy rate, low socio-economic condition of women etc. Sex selection and sex determination causes violence, impact on equilibrium of nature, Polyandry, Imbalance between Male-Female populations etc Maharashtra was first State to enact Maharashtra regulation of use of PNDT Act in 1987. The PNDT Act was passed in 1994 Hon. Supreme Court passed an Interim judgment in 2001 for more strict implementation of Act based on PIL filed by CEHAT, MASUM and AdvSabu George PNDT Act amended in 2003 to Pre conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Technique Act (PC-PNDT) Applicable to all Govt/NGO/Private/corporate establishments . Main purpose of Act is to ban the use of sex selection techniques before and after conception and prevent the misuse of prenatal diagnostic techniques for sex selective abortion. Every offence under this Act is cognizable, non-bailable and non-compoundable (Sec 27). Act has made it mandatory to maintain records of every scan done. (Section 29 and Rule 9) Section 5 and Rule 10 (1A).Implementing Authority under the Act is Appropriate Authority (Section 17) has power to search, seize and seal clinics (Section 30). The Act prohibited communication of sex of the foetus by words, signs or in any other manner (Section 5) , advertising sex determination test in any form are liable for punishment (Section 22) .Offence under this Act punishable with imprisonment of years which extend to 5 years and fine up to 10,000 which extend up to 50,000.

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Pathological preliminary period

Journal of obstetrics and women s diseases ◽

10.17816/jowd88871 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 139-144

Author(s):

Alexey G. Savitsky

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Diagnostic Techniques ◽

Somatic Condition ◽

Dynamic Estimation ◽

Uterus Contraction

Pathological preliminary period (PPP) is represented real obstetric problem, patogenesis with which up to the end stay not clear. In study of features of its occurrence and current the opportunity of a prediction serious pathology in labour (anomaly of patrimonial activity, hypoxia of a fetus etc.). Distinguish hypotonic variant PPP, at which activate fasic a component of uterus contraction, and the hypertonic variant, at which characteristic increase tonus of myometrium. At any variant similar pathology requires treatment, for what is made regularize contructionf activity of the uterus by tocolitical preparations, are arranged for the accelerated maturing cervix (prostoglandins of group E), is normalized a psyxo-somatic condition of the pregnant women (medicine dream, fysiotherapy). It is necessary to carry out a dynamic estimation uteroplacentaly hemodinamics and condition of a fetus. In case of long current PPP (more than 5 day) and unsuccessful of medical measures is recommended labor by operation section of cesarea. The further study of problems of occurrence and current PPP with attraction of modern diagnostic techniques is required, that will allow prediction of complication in labour.

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Prevalence of intimate partner violence among pregnant women attending a public sector hospital in Bengaluru, southern India

The National Medical Journal of India ◽

10.25259/nmji_309_19 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 34 ◽

pp. 132-137

Author(s):

ANITA NATH ◽

SHUBHASHREE VENKATESH ◽

J. VINDHYA ◽

SHEEBA BALAN ◽

CHANDRA S. METGUD

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Intimate Partner Violence ◽

Public Sector ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Partner Violence ◽

Unplanned Pregnancy ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Southern India ◽

Public Sector Hospital

Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) is recognized as an important public health problem globally as well as in India. It may result in adverse physical and mental health consequences for the victim or unfavourable pregnancy outcomes if it happens during pregnancy. The possible risk factors for IPV can be explained by four levels of ecological factors: individual, partner, household and community. We estimated the prevalence of IPV and its association with selected ecological risk factors among pregnant women availing of antenatal care at a public sector hospital in Bengaluru, southern India. Methods We included 350 women above the age of 18 years with a confirmed pregnancy of less than 24 weeks and having no obstetric complication. We used the Conflict Tactics Scale to determine the presence of IPV. The risk factors measured were—individual level: respondent’s age, education, occupation, gravidity, planned or unplanned pregnancy, substance abuse, presence of depression and anxiety; partner-related: spouse’s education, occupation and marital discord; household/community-related: socioeconomic status, social support, religion and consanguinity. Results The prevalence of IPV was 3.7%. Factors that were significantly associated on multivariate analysis were higher age (above 20 years) (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.82 [1.12–2.97], p=0.016) and presence of depression (AOR 6.84 [1.76–26.61], p=0.005). Conclusion The prevalence of IPV was less in our study population compared to figures reported from other Indian study settings.

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Determining fetal sex in pregnancy with reference to pregnant women behavior in late pregnancy

Polish Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1515/pjph-2015-0030 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 125 (2) ◽

pp. 87-89

Author(s):

Dorota Robak-Chołubek ◽

Gustaw Chołubek ◽

Ewa Piróg

Keyword(s):

Sex Determination ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Late Pregnancy ◽

Unborn Child ◽

Fetal Sex ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

The Relationship ◽

Emotional Level ◽

In Pregnancy

Abstract Introduction. Pregnant women often create their own image of a child. The ultrasound is able to model and modify this picture. The image of the unborn child develops along with the process of creating the space for the baby on the psychological and emotional level and is continued after the delivery. Aim. The authors of the study made an attempt to evaluate the influence of fetal sex determination during ultrasound in pregnancy on emotional and ‘practical’ experiencing late pregnancy - after the 28th week of its duration. Material and methods. The study included 200 pregnant women. Qualification criteria for the research was the declared awareness of fetal sex confirmed by ultrasound. Among others, factors influencing decision to determine fetal sex, emotional bond with the unborn child after identifying the sex, as well as preparation for birth regarding prognosticated sex were assessed. Results. Nearly all pregnant women wanted to find out the fetal sex, usually claiming that they did so out of curiosity. After they did it, about 2/3 of them stated that the emotional bond with the baby increased and the vast majority of women started preparing layettes for their future babies. Conclusions. Determination of fetal sex during ultrasound improves the relationship between the mother and her future baby. It also enables the woman to prepare for childbirth considering its sex by the purchase of clothes, pram and preparation of layette or baby’s room

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