Chemicals in aerosols generated from heated tobacco products and their biological effects

Accurate and reliable measurements of exposure to tobacco products are essential for identifying and confirming patterns of tobacco product use and for assessing their potential biological effects in both human populations and experimental systems. Due to the introduction of new tobacco-derived products and the development of novel ways to modify and use conventional tobacco products, precise and specific assessments of exposure to tobacco are now more important than ever. Biomarkers that were developed and validated to measure exposure to cigarettes are being evaluated to assess their use for measuring exposure to these new products. Here, we review current methods for measuring exposure to new and emerging tobacco products, such as electronic cigarettes, little cigars, water pipes, and cigarillos. Rigorously validated biomarkers specific to these new products have not yet been identified. Here, we discuss the strengths and limitations of current approaches, including whether they provide reliable exposure estimates for new and emerging products. We provide specific guidance for choosing practical and economical biomarkers for different study designs and experimental conditions. Our goal is to help both new and experienced investigators measure exposure to tobacco products accurately and avoid common experimental errors. With the identification of the capacity gaps in biomarker research on new and emerging tobacco products, we hope to provide researchers, policymakers, and funding agencies with a clear action plan for conducting and promoting research on the patterns of use and health effects of these products.

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Suitability of biomarkers of biological effects (BOBEs) for assessing the likelihood of reducing the tobacco related disease risk by new and innovative tobacco products: A literature review

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.02.002 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 94 ◽

pp. 203-233 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Gerhard Scherer

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Tobacco Products ◽

Related Disease

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AKR1C1 as a Biomarker for Differentiating the Biological Effects of Combustible from Non-Combustible Tobacco Products

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes8050132 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 132 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Sangsoon Woo ◽

Hong Gao ◽

David Henderson ◽

Wolfgang Zacharias ◽

Gang Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Effects ◽

Tobacco Products

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AKR1C1 as a Biomarker for Differentiating the Biological Effects of Combustible from Non-Combustible Tobacco Products

10.20944/preprints201701.0111.v1 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sangsoon Woo ◽

Hong Gao ◽

David Henderson ◽

Wolfgang Zacharias ◽

Gang Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Lines ◽

Smokeless Tobacco ◽

Artificial Saliva ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Differentially Expressed Gene ◽

Enrichment Analysis ◽

Gene Set Enrichment Analysis ◽

Total Particulate Matter ◽

Tobacco Products ◽

Potential Biomarker

Smoking has been established as a major risk factor for developing oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), but less attention has been paid to the effects of smokeless tobacco products. Our objective is to identify potential biomarkers to distinguish the biological effects of combustible tobacco products from those of non-combustible using oral cell lines. Normal human gingival epithelial cells (HGEC), non-metastatic (101A) and metastatic (101B) OSCC cell lines were exposed to different tobacco product preparations (TPPs) including cigarette smoke total particulate matter (TPM), whole-smoke conditioned media (WS-CM), smokeless tobacco extract in complete artificial saliva (STE), or nicotine (NIC) alone. We performed microarray-based gene expression profiling and found 3456 probe sets from 101A, 1432 probe sets from 101B, and 2717 probe sets from HGEC to be differentially expressed. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) revealed xenobiotic metabolism and steroid biosynthesis were the top two pathways that were upregulated by combustible but not by non-combustible TPPs. Notably, aldo-keto reductase genes, AKR1C1 and AKR1C2, were the core genes in the top enriched pathways and were statistically upregulated more than 8 fold by combustible TPPs. Our qRT-PCR results statistically support AKR1C1 as a potential biomarker for differentiating the biological effects of combustible from non-combustible tobacco products.

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Guest Editorial

Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research ◽

10.2478/cttr-2013-0735 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 105

Author(s):

H Klus

Keyword(s):

Guest Editorial ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Health Department ◽

Scientific Article ◽

Huge Number ◽

Tobacco Products ◽

Toxicological Effects ◽

Toxicological Data ◽

Almost All ◽

The Eu

AbstractIn June 2001, the European Commission passed a new Directive for tobacco products, which, in addition to other regulations, obliges the manufacturers and importers of tobacco products in the EU to disclose the ingredients used in their products and also to submit data on the toxicological properties of these ingredients in burnt and unburnt form. The idea of monitoring and regulating additives used for tobacco products is rather old. Almost 200 years ago, C.F. Hareless in Nuremberg [cited in P.J. Schneider: Über die Gifte; Tübingen, 1821] established 12 rules for the correct use of ingredients in manufacturing tobacco products and vinegar. These rules cover almost all aspects for a consumer-friendly, responsible and safe use of additives for tobacco products and could, therefore, have served as an example for the present EU Tobacco Directive. For instance, Hareless states in Rule 4 that the manufacturer submits to the health department the prescriptions of all added ingredients in snuff and smoking tobacco. It was also planned that the responsible authority can perform unannounced “empirical” and “chemical” tests of the finished products (Rules 7 and 8). Although these rules call for strong regulation of ingredients, they do not challenge the use of additives in snuff and smoking tobacco because ingredients may contribute to the quality, acceptability and also the safety of the product. The Directive rightly asks for toxicological data of ingredients in burnt form, in order to be sure that the use of additives does not increase the biological effects of tobacco products. The review of Paschke, Scherer and Heller in this issue of BeiträgezurTabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research has compiled data from published papers on the toxicological effects of ingredients in burnt form. The authors did not intend to evaluate the presented methods and data, therefore, this review is more a reference work rather than a scientific article. It is obvious from the material presented that there is a lack of Standard Methods for testing the toxicological properties of tobacco ingredients in burnt form. The huge number of different approaches presented in this review points to the difficulties in defining suitable methods for this purpose. Despite these limitations, it is justified to state that the data so far available give no evidence that ingredients in use today increase the toxicity of tobacco smoke.

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Ultrastructural Changes in Three Different Mammalian Cells Following Ultraviolet Laser Irradiation

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100095017 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 30 ◽

pp. 350-351

Author(s):

K. Shankar Narayan ◽

Kailash C. Gupta ◽

Tohru Okigaki

Keyword(s):

Ultraviolet Light ◽

Mammalian Cells ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Chinese Hamster ◽

Cell Types ◽

Differential Sensitivity ◽

Ultrastructural Changes ◽

Ultraviolet Laser

The biological effects of short-wave ultraviolet light has generally been described in terms of changes in cell growth or survival rates and production of chromosomal aberrations. Ultrastructural changes following exposure of cells to ultraviolet light, particularly at 265 nm, have not been reported.We have developed a means of irradiating populations of cells grown in vitro to a monochromatic ultraviolet laser beam at a wavelength of 265 nm based on the method of Johnson. The cell types studies were: i) WI-38, a human diploid fibroblast; ii) CMP, a human adenocarcinoma cell line; and iii) Don C-II, a Chinese hamster fibroblast cell strain. The cells were exposed either in situ or in suspension to the ultraviolet laser (UVL) beam. Irradiated cell populations were studied either "immediately" or following growth for 1-8 days after irradiation.Differential sensitivity, as measured by survival rates were observed in the three cell types studied. Pattern of ultrastructural changes were also different in the three cell types.

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Genomic analysis of C-type lectins

Biochemical Society Symposium ◽

10.1042/bss0690059 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 69 ◽

pp. 59-72 ◽

Cited By ~ 85

Author(s):

Kurt Drickamer ◽

Andrew J. Fadden

Keyword(s):

Biological Effects ◽

Cell Signalling ◽

Genomic Analysis ◽

Binding Activity ◽

Immunoglobulin Superfamily ◽

Carbohydrate Binding ◽

Carbohydrate Recognition ◽

Calcium Dependent ◽

Binding Domains ◽

Carbohydrate Recognition Domains

Many biological effects of complex carbohydrates are mediated by lectins that contain discrete carbohydrate-recognition domains. At least seven structurally distinct families of carbohydrate-recognition domains are found in lectins that are involved in intracellular trafficking, cell adhesion, cell–cell signalling, glycoprotein turnover and innate immunity. Genome-wide analysis of potential carbohydrate-binding domains is now possible. Two classes of intracellular lectins involved in glycoprotein trafficking are present in yeast, model invertebrates and vertebrates, and two other classes are present in vertebrates only. At the cell surface, calcium-dependent (C-type) lectins and galectins are found in model invertebrates and vertebrates, but not in yeast; immunoglobulin superfamily (I-type) lectins are only found in vertebrates. The evolutionary appearance of different classes of sugar-binding protein modules parallels a development towards more complex oligosaccharides that provide increased opportunities for specific recognition phenomena. An overall picture of the lectins present in humans can now be proposed. Based on our knowledge of the structures of several of the C-type carbohydrate-recognition domains, it is possible to suggest ligand-binding activity that may be associated with novel C-type lectin-like domains identified in a systematic screen of the human genome. Further analysis of the sequences of proteins containing these domains can be used as a basis for proposing potential biological functions.

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