Ultrastructural Changes in Three Different Mammalian Cells Following Ultraviolet Laser Irradiation

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 350-351
Author(s):  
K. Shankar Narayan ◽  
Kailash C. Gupta ◽  
Tohru Okigaki
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Differential Sensitivity ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Ultraviolet Laser

The biological effects of short-wave ultraviolet light has generally been described in terms of changes in cell growth or survival rates and production of chromosomal aberrations. Ultrastructural changes following exposure of cells to ultraviolet light, particularly at 265 nm, have not been reported.We have developed a means of irradiating populations of cells grown in vitro to a monochromatic ultraviolet laser beam at a wavelength of 265 nm based on the method of Johnson. The cell types studies were: i) WI-38, a human diploid fibroblast; ii) CMP, a human adenocarcinoma cell line; and iii) Don C-II, a Chinese hamster fibroblast cell strain. The cells were exposed either in situ or in suspension to the ultraviolet laser (UVL) beam. Irradiated cell populations were studied either "immediately" or following growth for 1-8 days after irradiation.Differential sensitivity, as measured by survival rates were observed in the three cell types studied. Pattern of ultrastructural changes were also different in the three cell types.

Identification of toxic mineral dusts using mammalian cells

1980 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Davies ◽  
M. Chamberlain ◽  
R. C. Brown ◽  
D. M. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Cell Line ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Peritoneal Macrophages ◽  
Alveolar Type ◽  
Mineral Dusts ◽  
Potential Pathogenicity

ABSTRACTCell culture systems have been developed to assess the potential pathogenicity of mineral dusts. The in vitro cytotoxicities of a variety of dusts towards mouse peritoneal macrophages, Chinese hamster lung cells (V79 cell line) and human alveolar type II cells (A549 cell line) were investigated.Non-pathogenic dusts were found to be inert in vitro. Fibrogenic non-fibrous dusts such as silica were only cytotoxic towards macrophages. Fibrous dusts which are both fibrogenic and carcinogenic in vivo are cytotoxic towards all three cell types, their cytotoxicity being dependent on fibre size. The size range important for the observed biological effect is longer than about 8 μm and thinner than about 1·5 μm.

scholarly journals Distinct Chemistries Define the Diverse Biological Effects of Plasma Activated Water Generated with Spark and Glow Plasma Discharges

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1178
Author(s):  
Evanthia Tsoukou ◽  
Maxime Delit ◽  
Louise Treint ◽  
Paula Bourke ◽  
Daniela Boehm
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Biomedical Application ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Cytotoxic Activities ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Plasma Activated Water

The spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria poses a significant threat to human health. Plasma activated liquids (PAL) could be a promising alternative for microbial decontamination, where different PAL can possess diverse antimicrobial efficacies and cytotoxic profiles, depending on the range and concentration of their reactive chemical species. In this research, the biological activity of plasma activated water (PAW) on different biological targets including both microbiological and mammalian cells was investigated in vitro. The aim was to further an understanding of the specific role of distinct plasma reactive species, which is required to tailor plasma activated liquids for use in applications where high antimicrobial activity is required without adversely affecting the biology of eukaryotic cells. PAW was generated by glow and spark discharges, which provide selective generation of hydrogen peroxide, nitrite and nitrate in the liquid. The PAW made by either spark or glow discharges showed similar antimicrobial efficacy and stability of activity, despite the very different reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species profiles (RNS). However, different trends were observed for cytotoxic activities and effects on enzyme function, which were translated through the selective chemical species generation. These findings indicate very distinct mechanisms of action which may be exploited when tailoring plasma activated liquids to various applications. A remarkable stability to heat and pressure was noted for PAW generated with this set up, which broadens the application potential. These features also suggest that post plasma modifications and post generation stability can be harnessed as a further means of modulating the chemistry, activity and mode of delivery of plasma functionalised liquids. Overall, these results further understanding on how PAL generation may be tuned to provide candidate disinfectant agents for biomedical application or for bio-decontamination in diverse areas.

scholarly journals Neurotrophin Receptor TrkC Is an Entry Receptor for Trypanosoma cruzi in Neural, Glial, and Epithelial Cells

2011 ◽  
Vol 79 (10) ◽  
pp. 4081-4087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Weinkauf ◽  
Ryan Salvador ◽  
Mercio PereiraPerrin
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Neurotrophin Receptor ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTTrypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas' disease, infects a variety of mammalian cells in a process that includes multiple cycles of intracellular division and differentiation starting with host receptor recognition by a parasite ligand(s). Earlier work in our laboratory showed that the neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) receptor TrkC is activated byT. cruzisurfacetrans-sialidase, also known as parasite-derived neurotrophic factor (PDNF). However, it has remained unclear whether TrkC is used byT. cruzito enter host cells. Here, we show that a neuronal cell line (PC12-NNR5) relatively resistant toT. cruzibecame highly susceptible to infection when overexpressing human TrkC but not human TrkB. Furthermore,trkCtransfection conferred an ∼3.0-fold intracellular growth advantage. Sialylation-deficient Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) epithelial cell lines Lec1 and Lec2 also became much more permissive toT. cruziafter transfection with thetrkCgene. Additionally, NT-3 specifically blockedT. cruziinfection of the TrkC-NNR5 transfectants and of naturally permissive TrkC-bearing Schwann cells and astrocytes, as did recombinant PDNF. Two specific inhibitors of Trk autophosphorylation (K252a and AG879) and inhibitors of Trk-induced MAPK/Erk (U0126) and Akt kinase (LY294002) signaling, but not an inhibitor of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor, abrogated TrkC-mediated cell invasion. Antibody to TrkC blockedT. cruziinfection of the TrkC-NNR5 transfectants and of cells that naturally express TrkC. The TrkC antibody also significantly and specifically reduced cutaneous infection in a mouse model of acute Chagas' disease. TrkC is ubiquitously expressed in the peripheral and central nervous systems, and in nonneural cells infected byT. cruzi, including cardiac and gastrointestinal muscle cells. Thus, TrkC is implicated as a functional PDNF receptor in cell entry, independently of sialic acid recognition, mediating broadT. cruziinfection bothin vitroandin vivo.

Differential sensitivity of AS-30D rat hepatoma cells and normal hepatocytes to anoxic cell damage

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (6) ◽  
pp. C1384-C1387 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Kobryn ◽  
G. Fiskum
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Metabolic Stress ◽  
Metastatic Potential ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Hepatoma Cells ◽  
Differential Sensitivity ◽  
Trypan Blue Exclusion ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase Release

A substantial fraction of cells present within hard tumors experience extremely hypoxic and hypoglycemic conditions that can lead to phenotypic alterations such as increased metastatic potential and chemotherapeutic drug resistance. Little is known regarding the influence of anoxic aglycemia on tumor cell energy metabolism and viability, and no direct comparisons have been made between the effects of this form of metabolic stress on tumor cells and their tissue of origin. In this study, the effects of in vitro aglycemic incubation under N2 (with or without iodoacetate) on trypan blue exclusion, lactate dehydrogenase release, cell surface blebbing, ATP levels, and mitochondrial respiratory capacity of rat AS-30D ascites hepatoma cells and normal hepatocytes were measured. Under anoxic-aglycemic conditions, the period of incubation during which 50% viability was lost was 2 h for hepatocytes and 6-8 h for AS-30D cells. In contrast, the rate of anoxia-induced loss of ATP was comparable for the two cell types, and mitochondrial damage was actually accelerated in the tumor cells. These findings suggest that tumor cells are more resistant to anoxic cell death because of their greater ability to withstand deenergization and subcellular injury.

THE ESTABLISHMENT AND CHROMOSOME ANALYSIS OF A NEW CELL LINE OF CHINESE HAMSTER FROM SPONTANEOUS TRANSFORMATION IN VITRO

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Lin ◽  
T. D. Chang ◽  
Virginia Niewczas-Late
Keyword(s):  
Cell Line ◽  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
Chromosome Analysis ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Selective Advantage ◽  
Chinese Hamster Cell ◽  
Major Type ◽  
Spontaneous Transformation ◽  
Chinese Hamster Cell Line

A male Chinese hamster cell line has been established through spontaneous transformation in a skin culture. Chromosome studies at passage 13 revealed one major and one minor type of pseudodiploid cells (77.3 and 20%). At passage 42, only the major subline persisted (78%). The two sublines, especially the major one, had selective advantage over other cell types in this cell line probably because they were more nearly genetically balanced. Autoradiographic studies indicated no overall increase in late replicating chromosomal elements in the two sublines. Both cell types lacked the X chromosome and chromosome 6, but they were largely compensated for by the presence of new marker chromosomes. However, more chromosomal material was missing in the minor type than in the major type, and this may account for the lower adaptability of the former.

scholarly journals 8-AZAGUANINE RESISTANCE IN MAMMALIAN CELLS I. HYPOXANTHINE-GUANINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE

Genetics ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
F D Gillin ◽  
D J Roufa ◽  
A L Beaudet ◽  
C T Caskey
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Ethyl Methanesulfonate ◽  
Nucleic Acid Synthesis ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Chinese Hamster Cells ◽  
Hypoxanthine Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase

ABSTRACT Chinese hamster cells were treated with ethyl methanesulfonate or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, and mutants resistant to 8-azaguanine were selected and characterized. Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activity of sixteen mutants is extremely negative, making them suitable for reversion to HGPRTase+. Ten of the extremely negative mutants revert at a frequency higher than 10-7 suggesting their point mutational character. The remaining mutants have demonstrable HGPRTase activity and are not useful for reversion analysis. Five of these mutants have < 2% HGPRTase and are presumably also HGPRTase point mutants. The remaining 14 mutants utilize exogenous hypoxanthine for nucleic acid synthesis poorly, and possess 20-150% of wild-type HGPRTase activity in in vitro. Their mechanism of 8-azaguanine resistance is not yet defined.

scholarly journals Methylation of deoxyribonucleic acid in cultured mammalian cells by N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The influence of cellular thiol concentrations on the extent of methylation and the 6-oxygen atom of guanine as a site of methylation

1970 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Lawley ◽  
Carolyn J. Thatcher
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Atom ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Dimethyl Sulphate ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Methylation Of Dna ◽  
Thiol Content ◽  
Cellular Thiol ◽  
In Cells

1. In neutral aqueous solution N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) yields salts of nitrocyanamide as u.v.-absorbing products. With cysteine, as found independently by Schulz & McCalla (1969), the principal product is 2-nitràminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid. Both these reactions liberate the methylating species; thiols enhance the rate markedly at neutral pH values. An alternative reaction with thiols gives cystine, presumably via the unstable S-nitrosocysteine. 2. Thiols (glutathione or N-acetylcysteine) in vitro at about the concentration found in mammalian cells enhance the rate of methylation of DNA markedly over that in neutral solution. 3. Treatment of cultured mammalian cells with MNNG results in rapid methylation of nucleic acids, the extent being greater the higher the thiol content of the cells. Rodent embryo cells are more extensively methylated than mouse L-cells of the same thiol content. Cellular thiol concentrations are decreased by MNNG. Proteins are less methylated by MNNG than are nucleic acids. 4. Methylation of cells by dimethyl sulphate does not depend on cellular thiol content and protein is not less methylated than nucleic acids. Methylation by MNNG may therefore be thiol-stimulated in cells. 5. Both in vitro and in cells about 7% of the methylation of DNA by MNNG occurs at the 6-oxygen atom of guanine. The major products 7-methylguanine and 3-methyladenine are given by both MNNG and dimethyl sulphate, but dimethyl sulphate does not yield O6-methylguanine. Possible reaction mechanisms to account for this difference between these methylating agents and its possible significance as a determinant of their biological effects are discussed.

Correction of Genetic Defects in Mammalian Cells by the Input of Small Amounts of Foreign Genetic Material

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 841-861
Author(s):  
YVONNE L. BOYD ◽  
H. HARRIS
Keyword(s):  
Thymidine Kinase ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Hybrid Cell ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
Heat Sensitivity ◽  
Chinese Hamster Cells ◽  
Inosinic Acid ◽  
Mouse Cells

Chinese hamster cells lacking inosinic acid pyrophosphorylase and mouse cells lacking thymidine kinase were fused with chick erythrocytes. The resultant heterokaryons were cultivated in a selective medium in which possession of these enzymes was essential for cell survival and growth. Clones of cells able to grow in this medium were isolated and studied. A detailed karyological analysis of these clones failed to reveal any chick chromosomes; nor could any chick-specific antigens be detected on the surface of the cells. Nonetheless, clones arising from the fusion of chick erythrocytes with Chinese hamster cells were shown to possess an inosinic acid pyrophosphorylase which had the electrophoretic characteristics of chick inosinic acid pyrophosphorylase. However, the clones arising from the fusion of the chick erythrocytes with the mouse cells had a thymidine kinase with the electrophoretic mobility and heat sensitivity of murine, not chick, thymidine kinase. Both types of hybrid cell have now been cultivated in vitro for 18 months without the loss of thymidine kinase or inosinic acid pyrophosphorylase activity.

scholarly journals Baculoviruses as Vectors for Gene Therapy against Human Prostate Cancer

2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay J. Stanbridge ◽  
Vincent Dussupt ◽  
Norman J. Maitland
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Primary Tumour ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Attractive Alternative

Current curative strategies for prostate cancer are restricted to the primary tumour, and the effect of treatments to control metastatic disease is not sustained. Therefore, the application of gene therapy to prostate cancer is an attractive alternative. Baculoviruses are highly restricted insect viruses, which can enter, but not replicate in mammalian cells. Baculoviruses can incorporate large amounts of extra genetic material, and will express transgenes in mammalian cells when under the control of a mammalian or strong viral promoter. Successful gene delivery has been achieved both in vitro and in vivo and into both dividing and nondividing cells, which is important since prostate cancers divide relatively slowly. In addition, the envelope protein gp64 is sufficiently mutable to allow targeted transduction of particular cell types. In this review, the advantages of using baculoviruses for prostate cancer gene therapy are explored, and the mechanisms of viral entry and transgene expression are described.

scholarly journals Establishment of fast-growing serum-free immortalised cells from Chinese hamster lung tissues for biopharmaceutical production

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noriko Yamano-Adachi ◽  
Rintaro Arishima ◽  
Sukwattananipaat Puriwat ◽  
Takeshi Omasa
Keyword(s):  
Cell Line ◽  
Cho Cells ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
Serum Free ◽  
Sterility Testing ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Defined Culture

Abstract Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) ovary-derived Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the most commonly used mammalian hosts for the industrial production of recombinant therapeutics because of their ability to fold, assemble, and perform post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation, on proteins. They are also valuable for their ability to grow in serum-free suspension cultures. In this study, we established a cell line derived from lung tissue of Chinese hamsters, named Chinese hamster lung (CHL)-YN cells. The biosafety of CHL-YN cells was confirmed by in vitro sterility testing, mycoplasma detection, and reverse transcriptase assays. One of the key characteristics of CHL-YN cells was their doubling time of 8.1 h in chemically defined culture medium; thus, they proliferate much faster than conventional CHO cells and general mammalian cells. Transgenes could be introduced into CHL-YN cells with high efficiency. Finally, between 50% to > 100% of the amount of glycosylated immunoglobulin G (IgG)1 produced by CHO-K1 cells was produced by CHL-YN cells over a shorter period of time. In summary, fast-growing CHL-YN cells are a unique cell line for producing recombinant proteins.

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