Chapter 1. Reconstructing Socialism in the Wake of World War I

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-55
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
World War

Modernism and Exile

2019 ◽  
pp. 11-40
Author(s):  
John P. Enyeart
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War I ◽  
The United States ◽  
Literary Modernism ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Dimension ◽  
The Us

Chapter 1 examines how Louis Adamic used the paradox of immigrants providing the labor to make the United States the wealthiest nation on earth while receiving mostly misery in return. The xenophobes who dominated US politics after World War I made it clear that Slavs were not quite “white” and thus not quite American. Adamic and his fellow countrymen found themselves in between white and black on the US racial spectrum and trapped in between Slovenian and US cultures. During the 1920s, he grappled with this liminality by employing literary modernism and writing from the perspective of an exiled peasant. In 1933, he added a political dimension to work when writing about slovenstvo (Slovene spirit) at a crucial moment in his homeland’s history.

An American Tropical Laboratory

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Raby
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Panama Canal ◽  
Spanish American ◽  
World War ◽  
Spanish American War ◽  
Living Things ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Colonial Science

During the lead-up to the Spanish-American War, U.S. botanists looked with envy at the progress of European scientists, who had access to tropical colonies. They pushed for the creation of their own “American tropical laboratory.” Chapter 1 traces the origins of the U.S. tropical laboratory movement; the resulting rental of the station at Cinchona, Jamaica; and the first decade of research there by members of the founding generation of U.S. ecologists. This history reveals their range of motivations for engaging in tropical research, from the 1890s through the outbreak of World War I and the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914. The study of tropical organisms—with their diversity of forms and adaptations so foreign to those familiar with temperate flora and fauna—seemed to offer a path to a truly general understanding of living things. At the same time, U.S. botanists saw tropical research as the key to a place on the international scientific stage. U.S. botanists did not wait for state­sponsored colonial science. Driven by a distinct set of intellectual, cultural, and professional concerns, they were ready to filibuster for science to acquire an outpost for research in the Caribbean.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
pp. 160-186
Author(s):  
Joshua R. Itzkowitz Shifrinson
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Future Research ◽  
World War ◽  
The Core ◽  
Policy Debates ◽  
Rise Of China ◽  
The Rise Of China ◽  
Significant Support

The Conclusion summarizes the volume and extends its findings. The chapter first reviews the evidence in chapters 2-5, emphasizing that there is significant empirical support for the argument developed in chapter 1. In contrast, alternative explanations do not fare well in the case studies. Next, the chapter provides additional tests of the theory by discussing the British, Russian, and German responses to the declines of Austria-Hungary and France from the mid nineteenth century through World War I in light of predation theory; again, the history offers significant support for the core argument. Lastly, the Conclusion discusses implications of the volume for scholarship, policy debates – particularly surrounding the rise of China – and future research.

Building a Transimperial Infrastructure

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-39
Author(s):  
Mikiya Koyagi
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
World War ◽  
East And West

Chapter 1 focuses primarily on British imperial officials prior to World War I to examine their visions of redirecting the flow of goods through infrastructural projects. It argues that the various trans-Iranian railway projects that they proposed were intended to reshape space transimperially. As such, the main goal was to link Europe with Asia through railways and steamships, and Iran’s significance lay in its location between Europe or Russia and India. Importantly, the perceived strategic interests of the empire were not the only reasons British officials advocated such reshaping of space. Rather, their goals were couched in the language of a civilizational project to revive Iran’s lost status as the corridor between East and West.

The Rise and Decline of Arab Statehood, 1919 to 2011

2019 ◽  
pp. 19-42
Author(s):  
Ariel I. Ahram
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Arab World ◽  
International System ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
World War ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
New States ◽  
Local Actors

Chapter 1 details how Arab states came of age in the midst of a global transformation in notions of sovereignty, self-determination, and statehood following World War I. The coupling of Wilsonian liberal norms with changes in the global balance of power afforded some local actors pronounced advantages in attaining and building statehood. New states, including Lebanon, Israel, Syria, and Iraq, owe their independence to this change. For others, though, the new rules of the international system obstructed the pursuit of sovereignty. Kurds in Syria and Iraq, Christian communities, and others tried and failed to gain statehood. Struggles in the Arab world, accordingly, became more about vertical or centripetal tendencies and less about separatism.

Beginnings

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-40
Author(s):  
Donna T. Haverty-Stacke
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Women Religious ◽  
World War ◽  
Professional Career ◽  
The Road ◽  
Local Parish ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Impact

Chapter 1 explores the various factors that shaped Carlson’s identity as a working-class Catholic young woman who was committed to social justice. These included her natal family and childhood neighborhood, her local parish, her women religious teachers, and the impact of World War I and the 1922 shopmen’s strike. Through her experience of World War I, as a working-class Irish and German girl, she had come to question government authority and the 100 percent Americanism that vigilante groups imposed on the community in St. Paul. As a result of her father’s experiences during the shopmen’s strike, she deepened her understanding of the importance of worker solidarity. And Grace came to appreciate early on the importance of education for the development of her autonomy. It was not only her mother, Mary Holmes, who instilled that lesson but also her women religious instructors in high school. The Josephites reinforced the value Grace placed on higher education as a route to economic independence for women and set her feet on the road to a professional career.

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