Quantum Confinement of Chiral Charge Carriers in Ring Conductors

<p>We theoretically study the quantum confinement effects and transport prop- erties of quantum ring (QR) systems. In particular, we investigate QRs made out of the following materials: single-layer graphene (SLG), single- layer transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and narrow-gap semiconduc- tor quantum wells (SQWs). Via perturbation theory and assuming that the ring aspect ratio is small, the general subband dispersion relations of these hard-wall ring confined systems are determined. These dispersion results agree with and extend on previous works. We discover the necessity of including both a size-quantisation energy and an angular momentum dependent energy shift to the dispersion equation due to their sizeable impact on the conductance of the system. The topological properties of these QR systems is also investigated. We find that QR confinement of materials may destroy the topologically non-trivial properties of states. The topological phase can be recovered when the band structure is inverted and the confined material parameters satisfy certain critical widths and gap limits. An analytical expression of the conductance for QRs (with symmetrically- arranged leads), in the presence of the perpendicular magnetic field piercing the centre of the ring, is derived. We study the geometric (i.e. Berry) and dynamic phases of the system that arise from the interference of partial waves in the ring branches. We discover that the Berry phase is modified by a correction term that arises purely from the quantum confinement of the materials. This has generally not been taken into account by previous studies. The explicit analytical expressions of the phase correction term are derived and shown to be proportional to the angular momentum dependent energy shift, present in the dispersion relations, for lead injection energies close to the subband energy. Overall, this study finds that the material-dependent phase plays a significant role in both the dispersion relation and the conductance of QRs and thus provides a useful insight for future experimental efforts with regards to transport in QR systems.</p>

Quantum Confinement of Chiral Charge Carriers in Ring Conductors

<p>We theoretically study the quantum confinement effects and transport prop- erties of quantum ring (QR) systems. In particular, we investigate QRs made out of the following materials: single-layer graphene (SLG), single- layer transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and narrow-gap semiconduc- tor quantum wells (SQWs). Via perturbation theory and assuming that the ring aspect ratio is small, the general subband dispersion relations of these hard-wall ring confined systems are determined. These dispersion results agree with and extend on previous works. We discover the necessity of including both a size-quantisation energy and an angular momentum dependent energy shift to the dispersion equation due to their sizeable impact on the conductance of the system. The topological properties of these QR systems is also investigated. We find that QR confinement of materials may destroy the topologically non-trivial properties of states. The topological phase can be recovered when the band structure is inverted and the confined material parameters satisfy certain critical widths and gap limits. An analytical expression of the conductance for QRs (with symmetrically- arranged leads), in the presence of the perpendicular magnetic field piercing the centre of the ring, is derived. We study the geometric (i.e. Berry) and dynamic phases of the system that arise from the interference of partial waves in the ring branches. We discover that the Berry phase is modified by a correction term that arises purely from the quantum confinement of the materials. This has generally not been taken into account by previous studies. The explicit analytical expressions of the phase correction term are derived and shown to be proportional to the angular momentum dependent energy shift, present in the dispersion relations, for lead injection energies close to the subband energy. Overall, this study finds that the material-dependent phase plays a significant role in both the dispersion relation and the conductance of QRs and thus provides a useful insight for future experimental efforts with regards to transport in QR systems.</p>

Anti-Quantum Lattice-Based Ring Signature Scheme and Applications in VANETs

Message authentication is crucial because it encourages participants to accept countermeasures and further transmit messages to legitimate users in a network while maintaining the legitimacy of the identity of network members. An unauthorized user cannot transmit false messages to a given network. Although traditional public key cryptography is suitable for message authentication, it is also easy to manage and generate keys, and, with the expansion of an entire network, the system needs a lot of computing power, which creates additional risks to network security. A more effective method, such as ring signature, can realize this function and guarantee more security. In this paper, we propose an anti-quantum ring signature scheme based on lattice, functionality analysis, and performance evaluation to demonstrate that this scheme supports unconditional anonymity and unforgeability. After efficiency analysis, our scheme proved more effective than the existing ring signature schemes in processing signature generation and verification. The proposed scheme was applied to VANETs that support strong security and unconditional anonymity to vehicles.